Journey of Life

2010 Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya(Technical University) B. E Civil Engineering MODEL QUESTION PAPER – 2010, RGPV, Bhopal, Thermo fluid for Civil Engg. Question paper (1) Air enters a nozzle steadily at 2. 21 kg/m3 and 30 m/s and leaves at 0. 762 kg/m3 and 180 m/s. If the inlet area of the nozzle is 80 cm2 , determine the mass flow rate and the exit area of the nozzle. (2) A frictionless piston cylinder device initially contains 200L of saturated refrigerant-134a.The piston is free to move and its mass is such that it maintains a pressure of 800kPa on the refrigerant. The refrigerant is now heated until its temperature rises to 500C. Calculate work done during the process. (3) A steam power plant receives heat from the furnace at a rate of 280GJ/h. Heat losses to the surrounding air from the steam as it passes through the components of the power plant is 8GJ/h. The waste heat transferred to the cooling water is 145GJ/h.Determine the net power out put of the plant an d the thermal efficiency of the plant. (4) (1) Air enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily at 300 kPa, 200oC and 30 m/s. It leaves at 100 kPa and 180 m/s. The inlet area of the nozzle is 80 cm2. Find the mass flow rate through the nozzle, temperature at the exit of the nozzle and the area of the nozzle at its exit. (5)Air is heated in a circular duct by a 15 KW electric heating system placed inside the duct.Air enters the duct at 100 kPa and 170C with a mass flow rate of 150 m3/ min. If the heat lost from the duct to the surroundings is at a rate of 200 J/s, determine the exit temperature of the air. (6) Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 10MPa and 5000C at a rate of 3 kg/s and leaves at 200kPa. If the power out put of the turbine is 2MW, determine the temperature of the steam at the exit. Neglect the changes in kinetic and potential energy.

Tata Nano

PREFACE This is a research proposal on a study on launch of new cheapest car in the world by TATA Company name â€Å"TATA NANO†. The objective of this research proposal is to find out an opportunity or a problem in the launch of the smallest /cheapest car targeting masses through secondary information / data. Also to gain knowledge about how TATA brought this new product i. e. , â€Å"NANO† up to the development stage and finally going to launch it on 23rd March, 2008 (already launched till now). During this project I researched on how TATA developed NANO costing Rupees1 lakh ($ 2500 U. S) and what will be its effects. A survey was also done for understanding consumer buying pattern and preferences (which is a part of secondary data). Thus, this study is based on new product development in marketing for TATA NANO. â€Å"Marketing Research is the systematic and objective identification, collection, analysis, dissemination, and use of information for the purpose of improving decision making related to identification and solution of problems and opportunity†. â€Å"Perception is the process, by which an individual selects, organizes and interprets information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world around as†. I conducted to gain an understanding of what goes in to mind of the customer about â€Å"NANO†. I have learned lot during my research proposal on TATA NANO and I hope this will be helpful to find out the proposal information. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT2 PREFACE3 INTRODUCTION OF TATA MOTORS5 PROBLEM & RESEARCH OBJECTIVES6 SCOPE OF STUDY7 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY7 LIMITATIONS7 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH7 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT OF THE PROBLEM8 MANAGEMENT DECISION AND MARKETING RESEARCH PROBLEM8 MANAGEMENT DECISION PROBLEM8 MARKETING RESEARCH PROBLEM9 HYPOTHESIS9 SECONDARY DATA9 TATA NANO – FEATURES10 TARGET MARKET10 SWOT ANALYSIS11 COMPETENCIES OF TATA NANO11 COMPETITION11 CAR OWNERSHIP PER 1000 PEOPLE12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY12 TOTAL NUMBER OF VEHICLES (INDIA)12 GROWTH OF MOTOR VEHICLES (INDIA)13 % OF PEOPLE WHO ARE AWARE OF TATA NANO13 PREFERENCES OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUP REGARDING BUYING OF NANO13 TATA NANO – A PEOPLE’S CAR13 DOMESTIC MARKET SHARE13 BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE – TATA MOTORS14 AUTOMOBILE PRODUCTION14 AUTOMOBILE EXPORT14 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY ISSUES14 SUGGESTIONS14 ANALYSIS OF TATA NANO15 IMPACT OF TATA NANO ON LIFE OF COMMON MAN15 PORTER’S 5 FORCES MODEL OF NANO CAR15 BARRIERS TO ENTRY15 BUYERS16 SUPPLIERS16 SUBSTITUTES16 COMPETITVE RIVALRY16 CONCLUSION – FUTURE OF TATA NANO16 TABLES – CHARTS & FIGURES17 INTRODUCTION OF TATA NANO18 SECONDARY DATA18 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY20 ANNEXURE23 INTERNET WEBSITES23 TEXT BOOKS / MAGAZINES/ NEWSPAPERS24 INTRODUCTION OF TATA MOTORS â€Å"DREAM – DREAM AND DREAM, because dream gives vision, vision gives thoughts and finally thoughts lead to the action† Each letter of these motivational words said by India’s former President DR. A. P. J. ABDUL KALAM, goes exactly with MR. RATAN TATA, Chairman of TATA GROUP, who in the year 2003, dreamt of producing a safe, affordable car for the common man. Mr. RATAN TATA launched TATA NANO on 10th January, 2008, at the 9th Auto Expo 2008 in New Delhi. Established in 1945. First Vehicle rolled out in 1954. India’s largest business group. Diverse Business in 7 sectors. International income – 61 % of group revenue. Operations in over 80 countries. Products & Services – exported to 85 countries. Largest employer in private sector – over 3, 00,000 employees. World cheapest car with a price tag of $ U. S 2,500. First company from India’s engineering sector to be listed in NYSE (September, 2004). Developed India’s first fully indigenous passenger car. Operations in U. K, South Korea, Thailand & Spain. Over 4 millions TATA vehicles fly on Indian roads. Nation wide dealership – 3500. * (TABLES – CHARTS & FIGURES) PROBLEM & RESEARCH OBJECTIVES To study about how a new product – TATA NANO was developed based on marketing theory of â€Å"new product development†. To study about what made possible for TATA to develop and produce a car for just Rupees ONE LAKH ($ U. S 2,500). To study the objectives and target customers of TATA’S ONE LAKH CAR. To study on consumers buying behavior and preferences and views about TATA NANO by various methods of data collection. To find out the consumer perception on NANO car in INDIA. SCOPE OF STUDY This study would be useful for companies to know what people perceive and thinking about â€Å"Small Fight† that is NANO. This study would be useful to other students as a secondary data. This study would be useful to form strategies according to perception of people about NANO. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY To know the consumer perception on â€Å"NANO† car. To find out the acceptance level of people. To find out the awareness level about â€Å"NANO† car. To know about factors affecting purchase decision of â€Å"NANO†. To know how purchase decision of â€Å"NANO† varies from different income group. LIMITATIONS I will have to rely upon the information given by respondents, which may not be fully true. This study will be limited to only Indian Population. It is only for short period of time. Lack of professional approach since researcher is a student. Subjectivity is the main limitations of such studies. These sorts of projects take generally longer period than other ones. Situations may undergo a change. Hence, time gap may effects the successful implementations of research results. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS All have driving experience. Time Duration: 1 hour. All have a good knowledge of TATA NANO. Sample Size – 500. Sample group location. Data collection involves a field force and electronically. Age Group – 20 – 25; 26 – 35; 36 – 45; 45+ (both males & females) QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Taken 100 respondents, collected on the basis of secondary data. Respondents based on previous driving experience, driving license & knowledge about TATA NANO. Based on different cultures, regions & age-group between 20 – 25 years. This project of TATA NANO is based on based on basic research because it is not aimed at solving a particular pragmatic problem. Also generally cannot be immediately implemented by marketing executive. Verify the acceptability of a given theory, or to learn more about a certain concept. My research is based on Descriptive Research. Survey – most common method of descriptive research. Research technique gathering information from a sample of people using questionnaires (which will be utilized later for primary data). Different survey methods to contact respondents: telephone/mail; internet & in person. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT OF THE PROBLEM Past Information & Forecast Resources & Constraints Objective Buyer Behavior Legal Environment Economic Environment MANAGEMENT DECISION AND MARKETING RESEARCH PROBLEM MANAGEMENT DECISION PROBLEM Will the conversion of â€Å"TATA NANO† to a taxi affect brand image and consequently sales? Will initial demand may lead to stock out? Whether the prices of â€Å"TATA NANO† will be sustained over a period of time with the economic changes in raw material price rise? With the hike in sales of â€Å"TATA NANO†, whether the infrastructure of the country will be able to sustain the volume of traffic? Will the protest of farmers against â€Å"TATA NANO† plant in SINGUR will affect the sales? Will general perception of brand â€Å"TATA† in small car segment affect the sales? MARKETING RESEARCH PROBLEM As price of â€Å"TATA NANO† is very cheap in INDIA, possibility of car being used as taxi cannot be avoided. Time to convert raw material into TATA NANO. Determining the trends in steel, rubber and other raw material prices. The focus of INDIA in building infrastructure and spending trends. They (TATA) thought that they are cheated by the government. TATA Company is known for heavy commercial vehicle. This common perception can affect the sale of NANO. HYPOTHESIS Conversion of â€Å"TATA NANO† to a taxi do not affect the brand image and consequently sales. TATA NANO is safe for driving. Hike in price of TATA NANO will not affect the sale. People prefer to purchase TATA NANO instead of two wheeler. People can wait for TATA NANO for few months. SECONDARY DATA The success of any project or market survey depends upon heavily on the data collection and analysis. It is necessary that the data collected is a reliable data in order to achieve the research objective. Secondary Data are those data, which have been already collected or published for the purpose other than specific research need at hand. This data is simply used by the researcher for his purpose of collected data and it’s used for the same purpose. The secondary data sources here in this project are: websites, books. It is also often called desk research because, as the name implies, it can often be completed from the desk of the researcher using printed information, the Internet, the phone and so on. The information might be internal, i. e. , available within the researcher’s own organization, or external where the information comes from elsewhere. Internal sources includes: Organization’s sales records; Customer Database; Complaints and other comments received from customers; market research previously carried out from the organization; Inquiries received from prospective customers; Organization’s annual report & Brochures, newsletters & house magazines produced by the organization. External sources includes: libraries; company data; directories & almanacs; books of statistical data; Internet; academic research; media articles in the general & trade press; reports by data agencies; commercial sources; international sources; government databases; industry experts; industry data; market research reports & unpublished sources. TATA NANO – FEATURES LENGTH 3. 1 METERS WIDTH 1. 5 METERS WEIGHT 600 KGS HEIGHT 1. 6 METERS ENGINE ALL ALUMINIUM, REAR MOUNTED, REAR WHEEL DRIVE CAPACITY 623 CC POWER 33PS FUEL INJECTION MULTI POINT FUEL INJECTION (MPFI) FUEL TYPE PETROL, DIESEL VERIONS WILL BE LATER BODY TYPE SHEET METAL SEATING CAPACITY 04 (FOUR) MILEAGE 26 KMPL (HIGHWAYS); 20 – 22 KMPL (CITY DRIVE) TOP SPEED 75 K. M EMISSION NORMS EURO – 1V, BHARAT STAGE – III COMPLIANT SAFETY NORMS FRONTAL CRASH TESTED VERSIONS ONE STANDARD & TWO DELUXE COMPARISON 8% LESS IN LENGTH (BUMPER TO BUMPER) WITH RESPECT TO MARUTI 800. 21% MORE INNER SPACE WITH RESPECT TO MARUTI 800. TARGET MARKET The low – cost care is clearly intended for the masses. For the family of four that would otherwise ride on a scooter, precariously balancing a tiny tot on the front and a baby on the wife’s lap. For the first – time car buyer in INDIA – a huge market despite the increasing number of cars in the urban and semi – urban areas. It also attracts the small cars buyers like Maruti 800. TATA NANO uses plastics and adhesives rather than welding. Introducing the car with an artificially low price through government – subsidies and tax – breaks, or using vertical – integration or partially using inexpensive polymers or biodegradable plastics instead of a full metal – body. It has no AC, no power steering, no power windows, and no power bells and whistles Executive two wheeler people: People that are working rofessionals but cannot afford to buy a three lakh car which is average cost of small car in INDIA. Second hand car user: Those people that cannot afford to buy a new car. Now they will be able to buy a new car cheaper then they buy a used car for. Auto rickshaw market: Most of the auto rickshaws also cost same as the price of NANO. T his may help the NANO to replace them as well. Middle and lower income group people: These are the people that are growing and are becoming a little richer which is making them afford a car. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH Cheapest car in the World. 21% more space than Maruti 800. Brand Name (TATA). Cost Price Low. Fuel Efficient. Safe. Strong Market Position. Research and Development. WEAKNESSES Low power Not a status symbol. Delay in manufacturing. No regular size luggage room. It may create more traffic problems. Dependent on vendors. Overdependence on Indian Market. OPPORTUNITIES It can capture the large market in the society i. e. Middle Class. Large Market for Selling. Awareness in the market. First car in low range. Can hit in global market. THREATS Its nearer competitors BAJAJ AUTO & TARA are ready to introduce â€Å"cars† less than the price of NANO. Company Rival Not sure to hit in rural & semi-urban areas. COMPETENCIES OF TATA NANO Expectations. Modular Design. Pricing Strategy. Export Expectation. Pricing & Acceptance of TATA after launch. Enthusiastic Support. COMPETITION AUTOMOTIVE CAR CAR TATA NANO MARUTI 800 HINDUS AMBY ANDY NANO WEIGHT KG 600 800 2,000 600 SPEED 110 60 100 110 HP 33 37 100 30 VOLUME CC 630 800 1,800 200 FUEL L/HR 5. 5 3. 75 8. 0 1. 0 FUEL/HR/1000/CC 8. 73 4. 69 4. 44 5. 0 SPH 6. 0 9. 87 12. 5 30 HP/1000 CC 52. 40 9. 87 12. 5 30 CO2 E G/KM 116 145 186 21 KMPL 20 16 12. 5 11 T. KMPL 12 12. 8 25 66 MPG 47. 3 37. 8 29. 6 26. 0 FARE $/HR 11 6 10 11 FUEL $/HR 5. 5 3. 75 8 1. 0 NET $/HR 5. 5 2. 25 2. 0 1. 0 NET $/YR 19,800 13,500 7,200 36,000 COST $ 2500 5500 10,000 2,400 CAR OWNERSHIP PER 1000 PEOPLE COUNTRY PASSENGERS CARS/ 1000 POPULATION TOTAL VEHICLES/ 1000 POPULATION GNI / CAPITA (GROSS NATIONAL INCOME) INDIA 8 12 620 CHINA 10 15 1,500 SRI LANKA 13 42 1,010 THAILAND 35 276 2,490 KOREA 218 302 14,000 MALAYSIA 225 272 4,520 JAPAN 441 586 37,050 UNITED KINGDOM 451 510 33,630 UNITES STATES 465 808 41,440 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Methodology deals with the various methods of research. The purpose of the research methodology is to describe the research procedure used in the research. Research Methodology helps in carrying out the project report in by analyzing the various research findings collected through the data collection methods. TOTAL NUMBER OF VEHICLES (INDIA) TABLE 1 shows the progress report of number of vehicles from 1951 – 2008, shown on x-axis, where as number of vehicles shown on y-axis. Number of vehicles in car increased due to demand and supply of cars with potential scope in INDIA. GROWTH OF MOTOR VEHICLES (INDIA) TABLE 2 – Two Wheelers: Two wheel vehicles are the dominant mode of private road transport in INDIA. They account for more than three – quarters of the total registered vehicle population and have exhibited the highest average annual growth rate – 14. 5% between 1980 and 2007. Car, Jeeps and Taxis taken together have grown at an average annual growth rate of 9. 5% during this period, whereas the population of registered buses has increased at an average annual growth rate of 7. 5% over the same period. % OF PEOPLE WHO ARE AWARE OF TATA NANO TABLE 3 – The % of people who are aware of the TATA’S new product – NANO car is shown with the help of pie chart. Here, blue color indicates that people are aware of TATA NANO and red color indicates the % of people who are not aware of TATA NANO. While analyzing this chart, we can know that only 3% of the total sample population is not aware about TATA NANO. This shows the great effect of media, newspaper and launching of this product. PREFERENCES OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUP REGARDING BUYING OF NANO TABLE 4 – This chart shows the preference of different age group to buy TATA NANO when it is launched. On X-axis, number of respondents is given where as on Y-axis the age group is given. Blue bar indicates willingness to purchase TATA NANO. Red bar indicates that the respondent is not willing to purchase it and green indicates that the respondent is not sure. While analyzing this chart, we can see that the young generation is eager to buy the product. While due to some misunderstanding about TATA NANO, the older generation doesn’t desire to buy it or are not sure about it. TATA NANO – A PEOPLE’S CAR TABLE 5 – In this chart, number of respondents is given on the y-axis and some features are given on x-axis. By analyzing the chart, we can say that people consider the cost factor the most for TATA NANO followed by the innovation. Even looks has got quite positive reply. TATA NANO is a product that is developed perfectly at minimum cost without sacrificing the quality. DOMESTIC MARKET SHARE TABLE 6 – In this pie chart diagram, it shows that INDIA has a big potential in auto industry. 77% shows two – wheeler, 14% passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles & 4% three wheelers. TATA NANO decided to capture two-wheeler market. BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE – TATA MOTORS TABLE 7 – This chart represents how the stock market fluctuate with the ups & down’s of TATA NANO Company. The chart is from 2007-08 which shows how BSE increase with an increase in TATA NANO. AUTOMOBILE PRODUCTION TABLE 8 – This chart shows that how automobile production is increasing every year. According to this chart, it shows from 2001 to 2007, where every year automobile production is increasing in all sectors such as Passenger Cars; Multi-utility vehicles; Commercial Vehicles; Two Vehicles & Three Vehicles. AUTOMOBILE EXPORT TABLE 9 – This chart shows that how automobile exports is increasing every year. According to this chart, it shows from 2001 to 2007, where every year automobile export is increasing in all sectors such as Passenger Cars; Multi-utility vehicles; Commercial Vehicles; Two Vehicles & Three Vehicles. SEGMENTATION VARIABLE USED GEOGRAPHIC RURAL & URBAN DEMOGRAPHIC FAMILY SIZE & INCOME BEHAVIRAL BENEFIR & USER STATUS TARGET MARKET EXECUTIVE TWO WHEELER SEGMENT, SECOND HAND CAR USER, AUTO RICKSHAW MARKET, MIDDLE & LOWER INCOME GROUP PEOPLE POSITIONING TATA INTENDING TO PLACE IN THE MIND OF THE CONSUMERS AS A PEOPLE’S CAR STARTEGIC OPTIONS UNDIFFERENTIATED MARKETING IDENTIFICATION OF KEY ISSUES SUGGESTIONS TATA should increase the production of NANO so that customers don’t have to wait much for their car, as they feel urgency for NANO. As people believes that NANO is people’s car and will be affordable by common man which was a dream earlier for them. So the price should be kept stable in future with the increase in price of raw material. Otherwise it will be out of their reach and people believe in MR. RATAN TATA’S statement of – â€Å"PROMISE IS A PROMISE†. TATA should give exchange offer against a two or four wheeler so that those consumers can be easily converted to NANO users. Safety measures can be enhanced because people consider it as their prime concern while purchasing. An option for customization should be available. ANALYSIS OF TATA NANO This project on marketing research was a learning experience and brought me close to NANO and provided us depth knowledge through focus group and survey. Focus group ended up with innovative findings, which helped us in going further on the research. But time in between the focus group was leading to group discussion. IMPACT OF TATA NANO ON LIFE OF COMMON MAN In INDIA every one can afford a NANO, just as we buy any electronic appliances for a home uses. Decrease in price of second hand car. High traffic on roads due to sale of exceeds car on roads. Increase in loan on car installments. And finally TATA NANO is definitely better than Maruti 800. TATA has succeeded in value engineering of the product and its great success for TATA’S. It’s something on which INDIA can feel proud of. NANO has been developed effectively. PORTER’S 5 FORCES MODEL OF NANO CAR There is continuing interest in the study of the forces that impact on an organization, particularly those that can be harnessed to provide competitive advantage. The ideas and models which emerged during the period from 1979 to the mid – 1980s were based on the idea that competitive advantage came from the ability to earn a return on investment that was better than the average for the industry sector. As Porter’s 5 Forces analysis deals with factors outside an industry that influence the nature of competition within it, the forces inside the industry (microenvironment) that influence the way in which firms compete, and so the industry’s likely profitability is conducted in Porter’s five forces model. BARRIERS TO ENTRY Time and cost of entry. Knowledge and Technology. Product Differentiation and Cost Advantage. Government Policy and Expected Retaliation. Access to Distribution Channels. Economies of scale. Barriers. BUYERS Number of customers or Volume of Sales. Buying Volume. Differentiation. Price Elasticity. Incentives. Brand Identity or Brand Image. Switching Costs. SUPPLIERS Number of Suppliers. Size of Suppliers. Switching Costs. Unique service or product. Ability to Substitute. SUBSTITUTES Substitute Performance Cost of Switching Buyer willingness Price Brand COMPETITVE RIVALRY Number of Competitors. Exit Barriers. Niche; Product Quality. Differentiation. Switching Costs. Industry Concentration. Diversity of Competitors. Price Competition. CONCLUSION – FUTURE OF TATA NANO Emerging markets are a fertile ground for innovation. The challenge of reaching dispersed, low – income consumers in emerging markets often spurs significant innovation. As customers gain more power, they will demand more tailoring and value – added service to meet their needs. Companies that innovate on this dimension are likely to be richly rewarded. World is getting tougher day by day being unique is a competitive advantage. An expectation to TATA NANO has proved this. After 100 years to Henry Ford, TATA has proved him again not only he came out of the expectations but also came out with a platform for INDIAN Auto Sector. My opinion after the study of various aspects I found that – TATA NANO is definitely not for: a)Someone looking for better performance b)Someone who is looking to impress c)Someone who want to speed trial on Sunday d)Someone who is looking for long drives TATA NANO is definitely for: a)Someone who is looking to buy a car but cannot afford much price. b)A student who want to go to college, tuition instead of bike. c)Someone who depends on second hand car. )For a house wife who can buy a car with her own savings. e)Someone who depends on scooter. So NANO is not a basically a luxury cars but it can fulfilled the all capacity for middle class people. In this report, I would like to conclude that TATA NANO report was a challenging project for me. I have tried my level best to provide secondary data before the due date of my proj ect. I also believe that more information could be collected and if collected more, it can be useful for the next assignment. I believe that the information or data collected are relevant and correct and could be useful for someone else also.

A middle class family named The Birlings Essay Example for Free

A middle class family named The Birlings Essay ? An Inspector Calls, written by J. B. Priestley, is about a middle class family named The Birlings. The Birlings lived in an up and growing industrial town in the north midlands. Set in 1912, the Birlings were happily celebrating their daughter Sheila’s engagement to a respectable businessman, Gerald Croft. However, the modest celebration turned out to be more than eventful when an unexpected inspector arrives enquiring the suicide and death of a young girl names Eva Smith. Whilst doing so, the inspector unlocks a chain of family secrets along the way. The play, in its time, proved to be very popular, and still does so today. In this play, I think that J. B. Priestley chose the characters very well. I think that what made the play so appealing is the way in which he gave each character such a strong personality. Each member of the Birling family has a unique personality and throughout the play some of the Birling family change. I do think however, that the Birlings as a whole family are quite stereotypical. The Birlings come across as a family that have wealth and seem to be quite a respected family of a high class. At the beginning of the play, the Birling family seem to be quite a closely bonded family but throughout the play this bond seems to drift apart as they recognise their differences. The family consists of four very unique and exciting individuals: Arthur Birling- A very self-obsessed, wealthy business man, also very self-opinionated. The perfect example of an old snob. Obviously very proud of his achievements in life, but with his heart set on a knighthood which would be his ultimate achievement. Sybil Birling- Considers herself high in regard to social standings, largely on the back of her husbands’ success and wealth. Possibly a ‘Hyacinth Bucket’ of her time. A very unlikeable woman who sees lots of people as being beneath her. Sheila Birling- comes across as a very polite and obedient woman, looking forward to her engagement to Gerald Croft. However, as the play goes on, Sheila begins to realise the truth about herself and the Birling family, and begins to stand up against them. Eric Birling-Quite an enclosed person. Eric’s personality is hard to detect. He seems to be the outcast of the family, and the family do not discover until later on in the play that Eric is in fact a heavy drinker and was to father a illegitimate child. A typical wealthy young man of the day. A middle class family named The Birlings. (2017, Nov 07).

Final Project Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final Project Plan - Assignment Example Thus project management plan contains necessary planning to meet the project objectives; however, as the project progresses and more information is made available the project management plan is progressively elaborated, a process called â€Å"rolling wave planning† (PMBOK 2008). A project management plan contains its subsidiary plans including cost, schedule, resource, risk, quality, communication, procurement and scope management plans. Besides this project management plan also contains the procedure for change control management and configuration management for monitoring and controlling changes and approving the changes to the project (Mulcahy 2011). This case study pertains to development of a project management plan for the Seismic Zone Residential Construction Improvement Program undertaken by Research and Development unit of Property Development Department of the Government (PDDG). Flexible Models (FM) is a company that specializes in developing to-the-scale industrial models for building manufacturing plants, refinery process plants, and public usage buildings, such as halls and shopping malls. PDDG is working to assess the effectiveness of the boxes of a particular dimension used in the foundation of buildings. The project management plan for this project is elaborated below. Project Management Plan Project Objectives Project objective is to design, cut, assemble and deliver the boxes on the client’s location and assess the effectiveness of the scaled dimensions used in the foundations of the building. Project Scope Statement Wysocki (2009) recommends project team to follow a linear project management life cycle for successful completion of the project objectives. The project manager and project team should collect in wiring the requirements of stakeholders and conduct interviews to assess their needs, wants and expectations to review the project scope. This would allow the project team to finalize project scope and product specifications and come up with estimates of time and cost for comprehensive project planning. Project Deliverables Deliverables include the outcomes of the project processes that comprise the intended product or service. It also includes the auxiliary results such as reports and documentations. According to PMBOK (2008), it is essential to have processes for defining, verifying and accepting the final deliverables of the project. Given the project scope statement, project deliverables are described either in detail on summary level depending upon the availability of the information in a particular project phase (Mulcahy 2011). In our particular case, project deliverable is boxes of following specifications The size must be 300 x 250 x 200 cm with a slot of 10 x 10 x 25 cm. The tolerance on outer dimensions must be +/-2 cm. The tolerance on dimensions of the slot must be 0 to -3 mm in width. In short, the slot cannot be more than 10 x 10 cm. It should be made of cardboard or metal sheet. It shoul d be mad

Information Security Audit And Assurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Information Security Audit And Assurance - Essay Example Data is stored in a database that makes access, retrieval and manipulation easy and more secure (Chrisopher, 2012). The Department of information technology in the organization oversees the security of the information system and hardware that is used in running all the activities in the organization. Computer and information security entails the safeguarding of computer resources, limiting access to authorized users, ensuring data integrity, maintaining data confidentiality and enhancing accountability in the organization (Chrisopher, 2012). The effective security will therefore involve taking security measures to ensure hardware and media are not stolen or damaged. Developing back –up strategies to minimize loss of data and information, encryption of sensitive data files and appropriate user identification (Ruskwig, 2012). Audit checklist: INFORMATION SECURITY SYSTEM AUDIT AND ASSUARANCE CHECKLIST Personnel/ Human resources Check item Answer Responsibility Who has the respons ibility for ensuring system security? employee Do employees and other users of the system have the knowledge and training on how to handle security threats? Training Do the personnel and staff member with any responsibility of system security have adequate training and do they receive training to support their roles? Computer security policy Is there a documented security policy that is fully supported by the senior management , with associated operating systems Non – disclosure Agreements Is there confidentiality agreements to sensitive employee data and information and its disclosure to third parties Process Audit Are the installed systems in the company including security systems and firewalls installed in the company audited on a regular basis? Software patches Do mechanisms exist that are used to deploy software patches at the security systems in the company in a timely and audited manner? Data protection Are employee and company data well secured in the database? And co mply with the legislative frameworks such as data privacy Act. Authentication Are there reliable and effective authentication mechanisms in the organization? Technology External network security Are there security measures such as intrusion detectors, firewalls that are used to protect against external computer access such as internet. Are these safety measures authorized by the senior management. Content monitoring Is there proper monitoring of the content of emails, and internet to prevent virus infection, internet fraud, SPAM and also litigation from the improper use and improper content. Anti virus Is there an installed antivirus and is it up to date, are all users trained and educated on how to identify and avoid suspected files to avoid virus and malware infection. Physical security Are critical IT systems, equipment and servers, stored in a secure and protected area free from unauthorized access? Security policy. Policy statement: The department of information technology in t he organization is vested with the responsibility to provide the substantial data security and confidentiality of all the resources, data and information that are held in the organization which include local storage media, or remotely placed in order to ensure the continuous availability resources and data to the authorized users in the organization and also to provide integrity of these data and configuration controls (Ruskwig, 2012). Security policies: a) The data

Journey of life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journey of life - Essay Example Each family member is supportive of each other’s needs as evidenced by frequent interaction and meeting, communication, and eating together. Ever since I can remember, as a young child, we were taught to respect the older members of the family. Every member can help other one without asking to return the favor. I have therefore been brought up to show love, support, and concern for each family member and as such, the bonds we shared have continued to be strong as all siblings went through the various developmental stages. The relationships that have been established during my lifetime consisted of forming friendships in school and within the neighborhood. My parents have reminded me to choose my friends carefully since some people could make bad influences in one’s life through the activities that are shared and undertaken. Therefore, I learned to be selective of friends who make my life better through sharing productive activities and experiences that enhance learning, knowledge and assist in the development of skills and abilities. The friends developed during school years have become my constant circle of friends whom I get to interact with frequently as we all make memorable events that became basis for productive learning. From the time that I transferred and pursued my studies in the United States, the circle of friends grew larger as it comprised of people from diverse cultural backgrounds. I therefore realized that the wealth of knowledge gained from sharing experiences with diverse pe ople is more enriching and rewarding. For me the school provided the most significant impact in my life, second to my family. So far, school activities have been a positive experience since I was a very young child, until the present times. Academic events include complying with academic project, assignments, group works, joining extra-curricular activities, among others. I realized, early on, that by performing well

Statistical analysis by michael cummins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistical analysis by michael cummins - Essay Example ested whether there are significant differences among the overall job satisfaction of three departments, namely, Human Resources, Information Technology, and Administration. The results demonstrate that there is no significant difference among the three categories (F=1.74, p>.05). This means that they have more or less equal levels of overall job satisfaction. When tested by position, the results indicate that there is a significant difference between the two groups of full-timers and part-timers, with part-timers yielding a higher overall satisfaction level (t=2.34, p.05). This means that the three groups have more or less equal levels of overall job satisfaction. Gender. The results for gender that indicate no significant difference between the two gender groups are not supported by literature. The review of literature suggests that men are more satisfied at the workplace than women, mainly because of unequal treatment in the workplace. However, with work conditions being equal, women tend to be more satisfied at work than their male colleagues (www.coe.iup.edu). Age. A review of the relevant literature shows that most of the age-job satisfaction studies have concluded that there is some association between employee age and job satisfaction. Gibson and Klein (1970) have demonstrated an increase in satisfaction with age over all tenure levels in their sample. They discussed the age-satisfaction relationship in terms of changing needs, a mellowing process, and dynamic cognitive structures related to age. Siassi et al. (1975) presented higher levels of job satisfaction in workers over 40 than in those under 40, regardless of the

Managing the bureaucracy Week 6 #11 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managing the bureaucracy Week 6 #11 - Essay Example The advantage for elected officials is the fact that they know these people and how they work. They are simply pulling trusted people from the pool they know. The problem with patronage is that unqualified individuals may end up in the bureaucracy. Merit is the most highly approved method of forming a bureaucracy. The idea that government officials are competent in their jobs and worked hard to get them sounds great to voters. The problem of deciding what merits to measure becomes paramount when too much emphasis is placed on taking a test and accomplishing a certain score. There are skills that tests do not answer. It also eliminates talented individuals from government that did not have the chance to get a decent education. Executive leadership is often what is looked for in high level appointments to the President’s cabinet. These skills are vital for running huge organizations such as the Department of Education or the Environmental Protection Agency. The problem with appointment by executive leadership lies in the fact that governments and corporations are different. The executive in a corporation can eliminate 10,000 jobs and get a raise. The cabinet member that cuts 10,000 jobs in the Department of Education will be a liability for the President next

Foreign Direct Investment for Developing Countries Essay

Foreign Direct Investment for Developing Countries - Essay Example 10) say that FDI is one of the key options for economic growth of developing countries. However, it is not all developing countries that are open to FDIs. The FDI helps these economies in terms of foreign capital in form of direct and also some cases indirect investment. Most of developing countries initially depended on loans from international financial institutions and banks but this started changing in the 80s when international banks started experiencing financial constraints. This forced most developing countries to shift the approach and change their investment policies in such a way that will be attractive to stable forms of foreign capital. The advantage of FDI is that developing countries easily get foreign capital without high risks that can be tagged to the debt. According Marchick and Slaughter (2008, p.2) governments have been reviewing their economic policies as an effort to attract MNCs through FDIs into their countries. It is important to note that FDI is directly affected by multinational companies (MNCs) who are the main participants. With that consideration, then we can easily conclude that factors that affect MNCs also affect FDIs. The capital flow from MNCs is directly injected to FDIs. Most of the times, the MNCs tend to expand their activates to foreign companies for several reasons which include; exploitation and utilization of economies of scales, utilization of particular advantages and at times very unprecedented reasons like just because their main competitors are actively involved related practices. Equally, governments are in competition to attract more FDIs in their nations. They do this by changing and at times compromising some of the key factors in their economic policies. Examples of such factors include corporate taxes, domestic labour market conditions among others. With all these activities surrounding FDI, MNCs have to be very analytical before making investments in such countries. There are determinants which are

The Grievances Amongst the Russian People Essay Example for Free

The Grievances Amongst the Russian People Essay Assess the extent to which the grievances of the Russian people were addressed by the October Manifesto The grievances amongst the Russian people were addressed to some extent by the passing of the October Manifesto. The laws passed in the October Manifesto were designed to benefit the working class as well as prevent an outbreak of violence and an imminent revolution. Stolypin was appointed as the chairman of ministers for the Duma. Which had been created in the hope to please the working class enough to draw them back to the factories. However while in that position he implemented many controversial laws. Consequently Stolypin was assassinated and caused a huge impact on the Russian people. Firstly Tsar Nicholas II was persuaded by his advisers to issue the October Manifesto, because the increasing misery of the Russian people had reached a point where they were willing to take the risk of initiating a revolution. The suffering the Russian people, especially the working class endured around October 1905 was extreme due to the Russo-Japo war. There were severe shortages on everything but most importantly fuel and food which were necessities. The level of their discontent was increasingly rising and revolution was becoming an imminent possibility. The Tsar was consequently persuaded by his trusted advisors to give up his absolute power and focus on trying to retain a partial power. The passing of the October Manifesto effectively stopped the threat of revolution. The laws passed within this document allowed for the setting up of a Russian parliament called the Duma, gave the people a right to vote, allowed for basic civil rights to be for filled such as free speech and better working and living conditions. The passing of the October Manifesto ended absolute monarchy in Russia. This also pleased and convinced the workers to go back to working class to go back to work. Secondly a man named Stolypin was appointed by the Tsar to be chairman of the Duma, the new Russian parliament. However this was a tactical move by the Tsar, Stolypin was placed in this position so as to reverse all the changes that had been made in the October Manifesto which the Tsar had to concede to in October 1905. Stolypin implemented many controversial policies such as, punishing the leaders of the revolution through hanging. Which resulted in the death of over two thousand people and around 21,000 being banished to Siberia. The noose became known as Stolypins neck tie. An upper house of the Duma was created called the State Council. The deputies of this house were also appointed by the Tsar consequently they were answerable to him in preference to the public. The Upper House was put in place so as to stop any law that was not suitable proposed by the Duma. Also in 1907 Stolypin engineered a new electoral law, which was made in favour of the rich. The rule stated that it would take 230 large landowner (nobles), 1000 large business owners (industrialists), 15 000 small business, 60 0000 peasant, and 125 000 factory workers votes to elect one deputy to the Duma. The new electoral law limited the rights of the poor and working class; basically landing them back to where they began for their fight for basic rights. However during the period of Stolypin, Russia was fairly stable between 1907 and 1911, due to Stolypins wise intelligence. He implemented some legal reforms for peasants and factory workers that did not fully satisfy them but kept them content. Stolypin was very wise in the decisions he made. Stolypin was able to keep the threat of revolution down by passing some legal reforms that satisfied the peasants and working class. However he did implement many controversial policies that took back the rights of the working class, that they had fought so hard to win. Thirdly the impact of Stolypins downfall and assassination created growing discontent amongst the people. With rising numbers of strikes and demonstrations. After Stolypins assassination in 1911, the middle class dominated Duma, removed the restrictions and overturned Stolypin’s social reforms in order for Russia to more rapidly industrialise. Russia experienced worsening discontent throughout 1912 to 1914. In 1912 striking miners in the Lena Goldfields in Siberia were massacred by the Cossacks which therefore provoked a wave of more strikes. In July 1914 a general strike began. Violent clashes between the factory workers Cossacks and police ended in mounting causalities. This near revolution only ended due to the out break of WW1. Stolypins assassination had a great impact on the Russian people; it increased discontent amongst the working class which resulted in more strikes, casualties and deaths. The Russian people were consequently stuck back in the same position they had fought so hard to get out of in 1905. In conclusion the grievances amongst the Russian people were addressed to some extent by the passing of the October Manifesto in 1905. The Manifesto allowed for the creation of a Duma which resulted in a more democratic environment, and allowed for the right to vote. This manifesto also allowed for basic civil rights such as free speech and better working and living conditions, which were the biggest issue behind most of the strikes. However the commission of Stolypin by the Tsar to fill the place of the chairman of ministers for the Duma created problems. The Russian people were kept content throughout the period of Stolypins power despite the gradual reversal of all changes made by the Tsar in the October Manifesto. After the assassination of Stolypin a general strike broke out, this landed the Russian people back to square one. So to some extent the passing of the October Manifesto in 1905 addressed the grievances amongst the Russian people.

Are Ghosts An Illusion Of The Mind Philosophy Essay

Are Ghosts An Illusion Of The Mind Philosophy Essay Ghosts are just one of the many subtopics that reside within the topic of paranormal. Paranormal experiences are studied using parapsychology: a scientific approach to supposedly paranormal experiences. With the use of H. J. Irwins brilliant book called, An Introduction to Parapsychology Third Edition, and Bobby Elgees article called, Evidence of the Paranormal and Ghosts, we are able to deduce a theoretically sound explanation of what is paranormal and since when has the topic been studied. Then, we analyze the survival hypothesis and the ability of a soul to live outside the body. After, we proceed to the definition of ghosts and their usual whereabouts while setting the conditions that they usually appear in as well as to who they appear. Finally, we go on to claiming that these experiences are not really ghosts, but either hallucinations or just simply paranormal due to the witnesses wild conclusion that it couldnt be anything other than a ghost. Ghosts: An Illusion of the Mind Ghosts are not what you think they are, far from it. They arent the friendly little ghost you see in Casper, nor are they the Bloody Baron from SpongeBob Squarepants who haunts the ocean for eternity. They might not even be anything at all, just a word people exploit to an unknown object which might have a logical explanation. Yet, most cultures in the world believe in the body having a soul which like the heart, can exist and survive in another body. Yet, even if such an idea is generally believe by a large population of the world, it may not be true. Thought or belief proves nothing, for if it were, then a group could believe in radioactive helicopter bunnies and it would be fact. Yet, people need proof, therefore, to believe ghosts, we need proof that they exist. Life isnt neither what people see in movies, read in books nor see in pictures. Therefore, neither are ghosts. In order to prove ghosts dont exist, we have to analyze the parapsychological and the paranormal, the survival theory, the situations in which ghost usually appear and how most experiences are most likely fakes. According to Bobby Elgee, the word paranormal simply means not scientifically explainable.' (Elgee, 2009, pg 1) Meanwhile, parapsychology is known as the study of apparent anomalies of behavior and experience that exist apart from currently known explanatory mechanisms that account for organism-environment and organism-organism information and influence flow (Irwin, 1999, pg 1). Therefore, it is the commutation of a being to another, or a being to a surrounding. In other words, parapsychology is using a scientific approach to study experiences that may be paranormal and to determine whether or not the evident paranormal quality of a given class of parapsychological experience is authentic or ontologically real. (Irwin, 1999, pg 9) According to Irwin, recorded instances of parapsychological experiences of course may be found among all cultures and in all historic periods. (Irwin, 1999, pg 13) Yet, the testing of such experiences for accuracy and authenticity was slower to emerge. Some, such as Henry More and Joseph Glanvill showed themselves alert to the possibility of fraud, delusion, and unreliable observation, but their views more religious than scientific as they were endeavoring to ascertain the earthly presence of the devil and diabolical forces. (Irwin, 1999, pg 14) It was later that Francis Bacon made a call for objective scrutiny of parapsychological experiences (Irwin, 1999, pg 14) which was more scientific than More and Glanvill, but at the time society was not receptive to such a view and Bacons arguments went unheeded. (Irwin, 1999, pg 14) Then, a center in England called the Society for Psychical Research where parapsychologists are united in their conviction that the objective investigation of pa rapsychological phenomena was called for, despite the prevailing disinterest in such research among the established divisions of science. (Irwin, 1999, pg 13) Even today, most of society disregards the subject as scientific, yet parapsychology is under taken as a scientific endeavor regardless of its subject matter, flaws in any of its research procedures, and the skeptical rhetoric of its critics. (Irwin, 1999, pg 2) Therefore, Irwin states that, All ESP experiences thus are parapsychological, but we require proof that any of them could be paranormal. (Irwin, 1999, pg 2) How do parapsychologists know that an experience is truly paranormal? According the Elgee, Competent paranormal investigators will attempt to rule out the anomaly (Elgee, 2009, pg 1) or anything that seems abnormal or irregular. If someone captures a photo of a strange orb or mist, parapsychologists would ask all questions possible in order to rule out irregularities such as: is it a reflection? Is it a bug? Is it dust? Is it condensation on the lens of the camera? Is it a problem with the developing and/or printing process? (Elgee, 2009, pg 1) Yet, according to Irwin, parapsychologists focus of study is purely a matter of appearance, of how an experience seems to be. (Irwin, 1999, pg 2) Therefore, even if the survival hypothesis proves not to provide a legitimate basis for their conceptual integration, each of these experiences appears to entail the existence of a nonphysical or spiritual self (Irwin, 1999, pg 9) thereby, the experience is parapsychological. The authenticity of the experience relates to the question of whether the issue of underlying processes concerns the question of how? (Irwin, 1999, pg 9) For it to be paranormal, the question of must be raised. How is this possible? How did this come here? How did it happen? If the question of how cannot be answered, it is hence called paranormal. Yet, there are groups today that are causing a steadfast declination in the belief of the paranormal. They are damaging the credibility of legitimate and accomplished paranormal researchers and parapsychologists by posting photographs that are easily dismissed as well-known and easily identifiable camera malfunctions and other artifacts of the photographic process. (Elgee, 2009) If people keep on claiming that every small malfunction is an apparition or paranormal experience, then nobody would believe if a true paranormal experience emerged. It would be the boy who called wolf all over again, except with ghosts, orbs, mists and many other strange paranormals. According to Irwin, the survival hypothesis concerns the notion of postmortem survival, that is, that a disembodied consciousness or some such discarnate element of human personality might survive bodily death at least for a time. (Irwin, 1999, pg 175) Simply stated, the survival hypothesis is the notion that there is some element of human existence that survives death. (Irwin, 1999, pg 8) For an apparition or spirit to appear, it has to be able to survive outside the body. Due to the fact that apparitions, ghosts as a matter of fact, can be of the living, we can assume that survival does not necessarily imply immortality or eternal existence (Irwin, 1999, pg 175) after death of the body, but more of the soul being able to survive outside the body for a limited time. Therefore, when comprehending an experience in which an apparition is involved, parapsychologists must be able to believe that a disembodied consciousness or some such discarnate element of human personality might surviv e bodily death at least for a time. (Irwin, 1999, pg 175) Due to implications of an existence after death, the survival hypothesis has obvious religious connotations. (Irwin, 1999, pg 175) Yet, since the topic is being studied from a scientific point of view, these are of no concern. Therefore, when looking at the topic from a scientific point of view, we ask questions. In order to analyze, the first step is to ask questions in order to be able to understand all aspects of the situation. Becker asks, is there a nonphysical element of human existence that can separate from the physical body, can survive organic death, can reattach its organization as an integral personality after death, can appear before and haunt the living, [and] can be born again in another body? (Becker, 1993, pg 9) Yet, it cannot be scientifically proven that there is a life after death since there is no evidence. That is a question of faith at this point in time since there is no scientific evidence of the exis tence of ghosts or an afterlife. (Elgee, 2009) Therefore, we have to assume accordingly that in case of a life after death, we could thereby presume a ghost to be real. Yet, until then, all suggestions are merely that and nothing else. A ghost is a type of apparition. According to Irwin, an apparition is encountered in a perceptual-like experience and relates to a person or animal that is not physically present, with physical means of communication being ruled out. (Irwin, 1999, pg 243) Therefore, for it to be an apparition there has to be evidence that the figure is not there and has no possible means of a connection to the witness. Yet, Irwin states that it is held to be pointless to speak of apparitions unless we mean this term to refer to the hypothesis of an objective entity. (Irwin, 1999, pg 243) He goes on to say the having defined the term thus, it is up to parapsychologists to ascertain if these hypothesized objective entities actually exist. (Irwin, 1999, pg 243) Therefore, it is up to parapsychologists to study all rational explanations until there are no explanations, naming the experience as paranormal, but not necessarily an apparition. As Eglee states, If weve done a good job ruling out everything, w e may just be left with something paranormal. Thats it. (Elgee, 2009) We cannot call something unexplainable by a name other than paranormal, or seemingly an apparition. Otherwise, it would be metaphorical to calling someone you dont know Bob. You may assume it to be Bob, but he is just an unknown somebody until evidence proves otherwise. One problem that could be raised against any definition of the apparition (Irwin, 1999, pg 243) is that it could be a hallucination. Unless witnesses by more than one sanitary person, an apparition could be a persons mind playing tricks on the so-called experient. Therefore, parapsychologists have gone from studying the apparition to studying the apparitional experience in order to adopt a phenomenological approach (Irwin, 1999, pg 244) in the field of study. According to Irwin, so-called ghosts are recurrent haunting apparitions, that is, the same figure is witnessed in the same location on a number of occasions often by a number of different experients. (Irwin, 1999, 250) Here, we witness Irwin suggesting that for the figure to be a ghost, it has to be seen in the same location, more than once and by different witnesses. He also adds that some ghosts reportedly perform the same actions in the same location on each occasion they are experienced. (Irwin, 1999, pg 244) He states that they appear real and solid as well as that their appearance changes as the experient moves around it. They occlude objects they move in front of and are occluded by objects they move behind. (Irwin, 1999, pg 244) He also includes instances in which they may cast a shadow or when the experient may perceive their reflection in a mirror. (Irwin, 1999, 244) This disproves the transparent misty forms popularized in fiction (Irwin, 1999, 244) Irwin states that most figures are experienced within 10 feet of the subject and in the majority of cases (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) the figure is not recognized by the experient. (Irwin, 1999, pg 247) If an experience is defined as paranormal, is truly justifiable to be able to call the irregularity a ghost? Even Elgee proclaims, To take the next step and call a possibly paranormal photograph a picture of a ghost is a leap of faith that I, personally, cant swallow. A person can certainly make that statement, but at that point it becomes an opinion, a statement based on belief and faith. (Elgee, 2009) He goes on to proclaim that, At that point, I can choose what I believe. Theres simply no evidence backing it up. (Elgee, 2009) Even in spirit communication there are points where the truth simply depends on faith. The medium could be lying, unless it is one of the rare instances where the medium received some skill the personality demonstrably possessed while alive but which the medium himself/herself does not have. (Irwin, 1999, pg 177) Ghost recognition is simply to irrational to be studied scientifically. As Elgee proclaims, ghost hunting doesnt lend itself to a well-controlled scientific experiment. (Elgee, 2009) He goes on to state that, The methodologies are weak, the equipment used was never originally designed to detect ghosts, and it is nearly impossible to replicate the results. (Elgee, 2009) Therefore, how can it be proved that ghosts exist with the use of insufficient methods and equipment that was not made for ghost hunting? Even Irwin states that, in no way is there any presumption here of the existence of the paranormal even though many contemporary parapsychologists (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) actually regard parapsychology as the study of the paranormal. (Irwin, 1999, pg 1) If someone who has spent most of his life studying the paranormal refuses to proclaim the existence of it, then how can we believe the many who claim without proof that a minor irregularity is something major such as the ghost of dead perso n? Are there really such things as ghosts due to the fact that most of the apparitions seen are dead? According to Irwin, about 70% of recognized apparitions are of people whom the experient knew to be dead. (Irwin, 1999, pg 247) He goes on to proclaim that the number of ghost an experient witnesses may vary with the age of the individual or more precisely, with the number of deceased persons the individual knew. (Irwin, 1999, pg 247) Therefore, it assumed that the more dead people you know, the more likely you are able to see ghosts. Is it truly ghosts? Or is it the mind playing memories of actions you have seen the diseased performing in a certain place every time you pass by. For example, you see your dead grandmother planting flowers in the garden every time you walk by on a visit. Most experients are likely to lie or jump to conclusions, therefore, we can presume that the operation of fraud (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) remain potential interpretations (Irwin, 1999, pg 177) of such proclamations as the sightings of ghosts or other apparitions. It might even be a story used to increase the experients reputation in order to make him/her more interesting. One of Irwins students reported the experience of strolling along a deserted beach and feeling someone walking beside her. (Irwin, 1999, pg 247) Most of humanity gets the same feeling while walking alone, especially in the dark, yet, usually, there is no one there and it is a trick of the mind. The student goes on to proclaim, that she did not see or hear anything to indicate there was something there (Irwin, 1999, pg 247), yet, the sense of a presence was very strong and she felt very comfortable with it. (Irwin, 1999, pg 247) Could it not have been a cool breeze that caused the student to feel comfortable and, assuming it was warm since she was on the beach, the breeze was strong due to the oceans current? No, the student jumped to the conclusion that it was an apparition or spirit, but unfortunately, the student has no proof. Another experience is of one totally deaf man described hearing the rustle of an apparitional figures dress. (Irwin, 1999, pg 247) Is it really true, or is it the yearning of the man to actually hear something, that his mind played tricks on him? Since most experients whom are able to witness many ghosts or apparitions have known many deceased, could it not be assumed that it is just the mind projecting an image of that we wish to see? A similar analogy would be that of a man trapped in a desert seeing a mirage of a lake. What we see, is simply what we wish to see and nothing more. By analyzing the parapsychological and the paranormal, the survival theory, the situations in which ghosts usually appear and how most of those experiences are easily proven fakes, we have come to the conclusion that it is impossible for ghosts to truly exist unless evidence prove otherwise. Even if, later on, experients actually turn out to have a sixth sense that could perceive the dead, could it not be just that: a sixth sense?

Online Gaming Essay -- Video Games Computer

Introduction "The video gaming industry generates revenue of between 18 and 25 billion US dollars per year (according to various estimates), with development costs, revenue and use/audience comparable (and often exceeding) that of the movie industry."--John Kirriemuir, Ceangal Why should businesses care about gaming? After all, how much are people willing to spend on entertainment? Surprisingly, quite a lot. The video gaming industry generates revenue of between 18 and 25 billion US dollars per year (according to various estimates), with development costs, revenue and use/audience comparable (and often exceeding) that of the movie industry. With the arrival of the next-generation online consoles from Sony, Nintendo, and Microsft, the industry expects to surpass $30 billion by 2009(RocSearch Ltd). Both arguments show that the video game industry as a contender in the media markets. As such, business leaders expecting to make their mark in the media industries must acquire an understanding of video games on a global level. Doing so will require a look at the three major video game markets: Asia, North America, and Europe. The purpose of this site is to ask the major global questions: Does online gaming change from region to region? Who are the online gamers in these markets? How do the different markets respond to online gaming? What are the positive and negative aspects of online gaming? And finally, what is the future of online gaming? Follow the links on the left for the answers. The Pros & Cons of Online Gaming "But as far as videogames are concerned, I think we've got very strong support in general. There are a lot of software companies and nobody's been able to get all the programmers to devote themselves... ... * Kelly, R.V.(2004). Massively multiplayer online role-playing games : the people, the addiction and the playing experience.NJ: McFarland & Co. * Drotner, Kirsten (2001). Medier for Fremtiden. Copenhagen: HÃ ¸st og SÃ ¸n. Websites Consulted: * DW Staff. . 2002. * Glenn, Elias. 2004. * ESA. 2005. * RocSearch. 2005. * Berkowitz, Ben. 2004. * Terdiman, Daniel. 2005. * Play Online. 2004. * Game Research. 2002.

Doublemajoring in Literature Essay -- Personal Narrative Papers

Doublemajoring in Literature I came to Loras College intending to major in Biochemistry and only Biochemistry. I was prepared to be very serious in my studies, focused on facts, and determined to work as hard as possible to succeed, but I realized in my first semester Critical Writing: Poetry course the importance of feeling and expression in my life. I poured over chemistry and biology books, studying, rewriting, memorizing, and reveling in science; but I can remember the release and the emotional experience poetry was able to provide for me. I recall telling Dr. Bauerly that I decided to double major in Biochemistry and English Literature because I wanted to read without feeling guilty for neglecting my other homework. English Literature studies have allowed me to bring feeling and emotion to the side of me that I sometimes recognize as a skeptical and cold scientist. I always felt that I have been slightly different from other students majoring in English Literature. I never really considered myself to be creative, artistic, or insightful. I can remember my first few English Literature courses, in which I questioned whether I would really have anything of significance to add to group discussions. One of my strengths, however, as a major in English Literature has been my ability to be open and interested in new things. I try to be open and learn new ideas, styles of writing, various opinions, and critical strategies. I love hearing other people’s opinions about symbolism and theme, and I think it is interesting to consider why they see the image in such a manner. Color and Eveline and I represent my strengths as an open minded and curious person. I was skeptical about imitating an author’s style and about the significa... ...se it was an essay that I did not think I could do, but I feel I succeeded in writing it in Toomer’s style as well as developing some of my own. I learned that I should still try to accomplish overwhelming goals, even if I doubt my abilities. Studying English Literature has been a joy and a release for me. I have learned a great deal not only about other races, cultures, ages, and people in general; but also I have learned so much about myself. Literature allowed my mind and heart time to practice working together to form decisions and opinions. This aspect, listening and learning with both my heart and mind, is one skill I feel I can bring with me anywhere. This skill would make me a better doctor, a better mother, and a better person. Therefore, never have I regretted double majoring in Biochemistry and English Literature, and I doubt sincerely if I ever will.

Exhibition on the Depiction of the Annunciation by Early Northern Rena :: essays research papers

â€Å"The annunciation is the very moment of the Incarnation when the Holy Ghost overshadowed the Virgin and the Child conceived in her womb, the consummation of her marriage to God.† (p.84 textbook)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Annunciation by Rogier van der Weyden, completed around 1435, is a 33 7/8† x 36 1/4† panel, which once was part of a triptych. The depiction is of Mary in a bedchamber, seated by the light of a window at the right, positioned on the floor in a stance that implies that she had been busy reading. The way that she is seated is similar to Campin’s Merode Altarpiece. (p.125 textbook) Gabriel appears to Mary’s back with a somewhat solemn face as Mary turns her head towards him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the text, Rogier uses bold lighting effects, graceful figures, and plunging perspectives, but allows the figures to stand out prominently against a more subdued background. (p. 126 textbook) Through a back window, the countryside can be seen, showing that this is a daytime setting. Symbolically, the textbook states that this scene is a ‘thalamus virginis’, and that in effect, Mary and God are symbolically sharing a marriage bedchamber. This can be explained by the depiction of Christ on a medallion hanging from the back of the bed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Van Eyck’s rendition of this theme, Annunciation, is thought to be the left wing of a triptych. Completed around 1435-37, it is a panel transferred to canvas, 36 1/2† x 14 3/8†. Here we see Mary in a church with both arms somewhat elevated in almost surprise fashion. Mary doesn’t appear too happy or concerned even, and both she and Gabriel seem relatively neutral in emotion, considering the situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Van Eyck depicts the moment when the â€Å"Old Dispensation became the New.† (p.104 textbook) Some symbolism includes Jehovah in the stained glass window above Mary, seen with the seraphim that Isaiah envisioned of the Lord. Seven rays of light protrude from the clerestory window in the upper left of the piece, symbolizing the desention of the Holy Ghost. The stool in the lower right of the panel symbolizes Isaiah’s words, â€Å"heaven is my Throne, the earth is my footstool.† (p.104 textbook) The white lilies represent Mary’s purity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Annunciation by Jacquemart de Hesdin, and possibly his shop, dates to around 1400. This piece, is from the Tres-Belles de Jehan de France, Duc de Berry. Mary is seated inside an open structure, as usual, disturbed by her devotional reading.

Evaluate Current Learning Theories Education Essay

To be able to name the theoretician involved with scientific discipline, and the 14 – 19 course of study, it would be more prudent to state that all the theoreticians in one manner or another, if looked at closely plenty would hold an input, from the behaviorists like Skinner, Pavlov and Watson, to Piaget and the Cognitive development theories, within scientific discipline Brunner with his societal constructivism is the more applicable, when it comes to border working, scaffolding and the spiralling course of study, with Vygotski and the socio cultural theories underpinning societal context, civilization, linguistic communication, equals, instructors and the Zone of Proximal Development theories. From the late 1980 ‘s, and the debut of the original national course of study, to present twenty-four hours, childhood experiences have changed drastically, with childhood demands traveling on at a enormous rate. The kid of today has a batch more to get by with in relation to the societal and economic facets of their lives, and as such for the first clip in twenty old ages there is some kind of lucidity about what will go on nationally, in relation to the 14-19 course of study and makings, to run into single student ‘s demands. The original debut of topics and cardinal phases, has now moved on in a positive way, with recent reappraisals in instruction of new specifications of AS and A degrees in September 2008, The debut of Diplomas in 2008, in 17 capable countries, has expanded the chances for academic makings, specific to an single students demands. With the debut of the new specifications for GCSE ‘s across the course of study in September 2009, the QCA began a procedure that will besides take to revised scientific discipline GCSE specifications from Sept 2011, These new specifications are to include, GCSE Science, GCSE Additional Science, GCSE Additional Applied Science, GCSE Biology and GCSE Physics. As portion of the wider alterations to GCSE scientific discipline, strategies of work such as Twenty First Century Science were designed ; these classs enabled the pupils to understanding the scientific discipline they experienced in mundane life. Looking at one country of scientific discipline in relation to the 14 – 19 course of study, it becomes evident that the model is designed on a spiralling course of study ( Bruner 1986 ) , this is apparent from Key phase 3, with the unit, Organisms / Behaviour and wellness, in which cells are taught in the undermentioned form, Cells, Animal cells and Plant cells, Cells and their behavior, Cell tissues and Organ systems. At Key phase 4 cells are taught once more, constructing on constructs already established in Key phase 3 but utilizing Blooms Taxonomy ( Bloom 1956 ) , with units covered on Populating cells such as Bacteria which reproduce inside host cells ( Animal cells and works cells ) , White blood cells such as Phagocytes and Lymphocytes, Red blood cells incorporating Haemoglobin, Antibiotics which break down cell walls. Once A and AS degrees are studied, cells are revisited once more but at a much deeper degree of understanding, with Antibiotic Resistance, Differential Centrifugation – a method of dividing different cell organs of a cell so that they can be analysed, Analyzing cells with the usage of the Transmission Electron Microscope ( TEM ) or the Scanning Electron Microscope ( SEM ) and Cell distinction. This spiralling course of study ( Bruner 1986 ) , means that a complex thought can be built on, and understood, by revisiting the cardinal constructs of the topic, clip and clip once more as the student additions in experience and sees more of how scientific discipline can be related to experiences in the existent universe, utilizing constructs and apprehensions from each single key phase, chiefly to increase cognition of the construct taught, this model facilitates the demand for revisiting the basic cardinal constructs of the original stuff, as in cardinal phase 3 the initial constructs are an built-in portion of cardinal phase 4 and supra. This structural model can be related to a Social Constructivism theory from Bruner in his research on the development of kids in 1966, and subsequently developed into the Integration of the acquisition procedure at different degrees ( Bruner 1986 ) , with Bruner ‘s theory, he proposed three degrees of representation, Enactive Representation Iconic Representation ( image-based ) and Symbolic Representation ( language-based ) , in Bruner ‘s theory it is suggested that when faced with new capable stuff, to come on from an action based representation to an image based representation and finally linguistic communication based representation, it would be more accomplishable if the each clear phase was slackly incorporate, so each portion can be translated to the following 1 ( Bruner 1986 ) , as opposed to Piaget ‘s theory of ‘Stage-Theory of development ‘ , ( Beard 1969 ) and ( Crain 1992 ) , which has been summarised as: â€Å" Children of a given age are more likely to show similarity of ( mental ) structures than kids of different, ages † . ( Brown 1977, p.26 ) . Piaget ‘s epistemology has been characterised as ‘constructivist and relativist ‘ ( Pope & A ; Gilbert 1983, p.195 ) , and has been widely influential in Science Education ( Bliss1995 ) . Piaget demonstrated that kids who have non undertaken formal direction might still hold constructed their ain thoughts about phenomena they experience in the universe and their ain significances for words as they get linguistic communication e.g. , ( Piaget 1973, 1929 ) this can take to misconceptions within scientific discipline hence, although influential in scientific discipline, Piaget ‘s phases for ages theory is non every bit applicable to the modern twenty-four hours kid ‘s demands and hence the coveted affect is non accomplishable. With Bruner ‘s theory a clear nexus can be made with Bloom ‘s Taxonomy in which Benjamin Bloom suggested that the educational aims can be split down into three classs, Affective or associating to the experience of feeling or emotion, Psychomotor shown by physical accomplishments such as motion, sleight, strength, coordination, use, grace, and velocity, and the scientific procedure of idea known as Cognitive Theory, the terminal consequence is the creative activity of a more holistic signifier of instruction. ( Bloom1956 ) . This type of Taxonomy means that larning at the higher degrees is dependent on holding attained prerequisite cognition and accomplishments at lower degrees. An roll uping organic structure of research indicates that the instructor plays a critical function in choosing and measuring appropriate learning resources and bordering ( gyrating course of study ) these to work engineering in prosecuting learning ends ; in structuring ( gyrating course of study ) , sequencing, pacing, monitoring and measuring acquisition, and in interceding interactions between kids and engineering, including through ‘guided find ‘ ( Bruner 1985, pp.21-43 ) As such Bruner was besides influential in the development of Vygotsky ‘s work on the socio-cultural and activity based theories ( Vygotsky 1986,1978 ) and ( Vygotsky 1934, pp.355-370 ) which suggested that constructs do non merely stand for a concatenation of associatory connexions assimilated by the memory of an automatic mental accomplishment, but a complicated and existent act of believing which can non be mastered by simple memorisation, ( Vygotsky 1934, p.356 ) and as such Vygotsky, saw that conceptual acquisition required an active engagement from the scholar, bespeaking there is a existent demand to look at the societal facet of acquisition and how schools every bit good as scientific discipline put the model and construction in topographic point for the acquisition procedure, with the execution of a socially mediated procedure ( Scott 1998, pp.45-80 ) .whereas Piaget, s theory were all based on internal influences of the head. Vygotsky believed that conceptual development involved a procedure of convergence as the concrete becomes abstracted, and the abstract is made concrete ( Vygotsky 1986 ) Over clip, self-generated constructs would get a formal construction and be unfastened to witting usage, and formal scientific constructs would germinate connexions with existent experience and external influences, ( Vygotsky 1934, pp.355-370 ) , so scientific constructs provide the models within which a scholar could go cognizant of his tacit self-generated constructs ( Crain 1992 ) , the gyrating course of study as suggested by Bruner tantrums suitably with this construct, as the kid additions in experiences of the existent universe so concepts taught at an earlier phase can be consolidated and built on, with reviews and callback exercisings utilised suitably by the instructor. To summarize the thought of conceptual larning a paper from Elisabeth H. Wiig & A ; Karl M. Wiig, on conceptual acquisition suggests that we expect that an effectual acquisition procedure will supply appropriate content and prepare scholars to: â€Å" Function intelligently in the undertakings in front. When these undertakings involve farther larning, we expect that during the earlier learning phases, scholars will hold built mental theoretical accounts, constructs, books, schemes, associations, positions, schemes, and so on – anterior cognition – sufficiently good to construct extra cognition efficaciously † . ( Wigg 1999 ) . Science lessons in schools show this procedure with the 14 – 19 course of study and instruction schemes are put in topographic point to present an thought or a construct by patterning so constructing on that really construct to more higher systematic maps such as analysing, measuring and making. When lessons were observed it was noted that the theory of conceptual acquisition works good within the scientific scene, with the instructor foremost patterning a construct or experiment to demo how the capable stuff non merely fits in within the large image of the strategy of plants, but can besides pull on the students, as a group or persons, ain experiences of the topic in the existent universe, or in relation to issues that straight affect the student and as such, in the procedure deriving their involvement in the topic, a twelvemonth 10 group is a good illustration of this, when making Applied Science, the healthy human organic structure faculty, one subdivision on the cells of the air sac, and transportation of O and waste gases, straight related to the consumption of coffin nail fume and the at hand harm that is caused by the dislocation of the air sac cell wall construction. This was modelled utilizing straws and balloons so starting the balloon so the surface country of the balloon was reduced and therefore the available gas transportation country reduced. Concepts of cell construction was recapped on anterior larning so built on with gaseous transportation through the cell wall in relation to come up country, with the modeling construct and the spiralling course of study principle the hard construct was easy for the students to associate excessively. As per suggestions from, ( Wigg 1999 ) , earlier acquisition had been achieved with mental theoretical accounts built, constructs of cell constructions introduced, books and keywords instigated, schemes or preconceived thoughts of the procedure of respiration is amalgamate or any misconceptions dispelled and a organized form of idea was established with the mental frame work focus oning around the specific subject of gas exchanges within the healthy human organic structure and the input of potentially unsafe carcinogenic stuffs, utilizing positions constructed by student group treatments and anterior cognition both from an educational beginning and a societal beginning climaxing in constructing extra cognition efficaciously. Whole lessons used Bruner ‘s theory, that the instructor plays a critical function in choosing and measuring appropriate learning resources and frame working the lesson so anterior cognition could be accessed and built on by all students, ( Bruner 1985, pp.21-34 ) . Guided Discovery was utilised in the lesson, non merely by the instructor, in the activity of patterning the construct but besides by utilizing a theory from ( Driver and Easley 1978, pp.61-84 ) , which focused on the scholar ‘s active function in building their personal cognition, backed up by a paper written In 1982, when Gilbert ( UK ) , Fensham ( Australia ) and Osborne ( NZ ) published a paper sing ‘children ‘s scientific discipline ‘ , where results were dependent on anterior cognition established on a subject with consequences bespeaking a ‘unified scientific result ‘ , where the erudite significances closely matched that intended. ( Gilbert, J.K. , Osborne, R.J. & A ; FenshamP.J. 1982, pp.630-1 ) , This learning scheme works good with groups of assorted ability students but can fall down when used on an single degree, as each students experiences within a societal context is different, dependent on legion variables such as geographical loca tion, economic position, equal force per unit areas and most of import the person ‘s ain knowledge degree, or how the single moves from the procedure of idea on to cognize, this leads back to the instructor utilizing guided find and doing certain that advanced instruction methods are utilized, based on the acquisition and apprehension of the cardinal constructs of scientific discipline. Whilst looking at the societal facet of larning it is prudent to advert Vygosky ‘s work on the Zone of Proximal Development or ZPD, ( Vygostky ‘s 1986 ) in which a scholars ZPD can be classed as the noticeable alteration between from what a scholar can make or accomplish, without aid and what the scholar can make with aid, this can be either from a instructor led activity or equal mentoring. Vygotsky ‘s theory on zone of proximal development can be interpreted as: â€Å" The distance between the existent developmental degree as determined by independent job resolution and the degree of possible development as determined through job work outing under grownup counsel, or in coaction with more capable equals † . ( Vygotsky 1978, p.86 ) . This theory has been criticised by legion theoreticians, as idealist idea with defects in his work, what impact would an overbearing parent have on a kid ‘s development, or the kid that expected aid when it was non needed utilizing the equal as an educational crutch, ( Santrock 2004, pp. 200-255 ) , In a schoolroom scene, every bit good as the whole school scene, it has been noted that ZPD is highly of import, and is utilised in all categories non merely scientific discipline, with many categories being of assorted ability across the course of study runing from low ability pupils to gifted and talented students, sometimes integrating students with Particular Educational Needs ( SEN ) , such as reading, composing or linguistic communication barriers to larn, this means that it ‘s non merely the instructors that are utilized to steer a pupils acquisition, but other members of the schools staff such as Teaching Assistants, support staff and members of the Pastoral system. Gi fted and talented students or students of a high degree of proximal development can be utilised within a assorted group category to reenforce larning for lower ability students and in the procedure consolidating their ain degree of understanding by callback and account of the topic frequently utilizing linguistic communication that is more accessible to the lower ability student, in crisp contrast to the benefits of equal mentoring or acquisition, the booby traps could show jobs of their ain with low ability pupils in groups trusting on the higher ability students to make the work and as such they make no advancement, this was observed in categories on legion occasions when posting work or experimentation was carried out with, the lower ability pupil be givening to make the lower taxonomy undertakings such as clip maintaining or coloring, whilst go forthing the higher taxonomy undertakings such as anticipations and decisions to the higher ability student, this tendency can besides b e translated into grownup equal mentoring, with the force per unit area of school marks, particularly in the kingdom of coursework where the student refuses to utilize independent idea, and as such the equal virtually dictates what the student should make to bring forth a finished piece of work for rating, stating that ZPD decently instigated and supervised can be an priceless tool in the instructors toolkit, this premise is backed up by other educational professionals who believe: â€Å" The function of instruction to be to supply kids with experiences which are in their ZPD thereby promoting and progressing their single acquisition † . ( Berk and Winsler 1995, p. 24 ) . As portion of making a safe environment within the scientific discipline schoolroom, to heighten students larning, behaviorism is an built-in portion of the instructors thought procedure, with cases of minor breaks and inappropriate behavior monitored and learning schemes adjusted consequently. Most inappropriate behavior issues in the scientific discipline environment can be related back to a theory by Bandura who through observation and imitation, looked at personality as being closely related to the environment, behavior, and the individual ‘s psychological processes.A Bandura postulated, along with other behaviorist psychologists, and societal acquisition ( SL ) theorists that all behavior is learned and that the individual, the behavior, every bit good as the environment were all closely connected, to make acquisition in an person, ( Bandura 1986, pp.18-22. ) , this hypothesis was developed over many old ages with modeling as an of import portion of his surveies and observ ations, Bandura described the primary function of patterning is to speed up command by supplying the scholar with a theoretical account to copy. ( Bandura 1986, pp.18-22. ) , with Bandura ‘s celebrated Bobo Doll surveies, in which one of his pupils was given an inflatable buffoon doll, weighted at the underside, and instructed to kick, clout and hit the doll with an inflatable cock, whilst she was filmed, the movie was later shown to a group of Kinder garden kids, who intelligibly exhaustively enjoyed watching the grownups jokes, and when instructed that it was playtime, proceeded to the rumpus room, which purposefully contained legion Bobo dolls and inflatable cocks, the kids instantly proceeded to copy the jokes of the grownup by reproducing precisely the same actions and linguistic communication of the grownup, ( Bandura, Ross, and Ross 1961, pp.575-582 ) , although pertinent, the theory has defects, in that the doll is really designed to maintain resiling back as a beginni ng of amusement for kids and as such the kids will see this procedure as a game to be enjoyed, but this Social Learning Theory can hold deductions within the scientific discipline schoolroom, as all experiments are modelled by the instructor and if non modelled right so any inappropriate instruction will be modelled or mimicked by the students, hence, supplying that the capable affair is modelled, structured and pitched at the right degree most behaviour issues can be avoided. Another outstanding theoretician on behaviorism is Burrhus Frederic Skinner, an American psychologist who came up with the theory of operant conditioning, as opposed to Pavlov ‘s theory of classical conditioning, in which the topic carries out a signifier of associated acquisition ( Pavlov 1927,1960 ) , operant conditioning is the usage of extrinsic or intrinsic motive to modify behavior, and is broken down into two chief classs, positive support which occurs when a student is accomplishing the instructor demands and can be in the simplest of signifiers such as congratulations or a wages that the student conceives as pleasant and so continues the criterions that are required, both methods are normally used in schools to advance god behavior in the procedure making a safe acquisition environment with encouraging consequences observed in students behaviour forms, reviews of Skinners theories are chiefly associated with the comparatively new field of Neuroscience, in which theoret icians claim that there is a direct nexus between larning and cognitive procedures, disparaged by other Psychologists as to whether encephalon scanning has told us anything utile about cognitive neuroscience as yet ( Coltheart 2006 ) , a good computer science metaphor for reviews is: â€Å" No sum of cognition about the hardware of a computing machine will state you anything serious about the nature of the package that the computing machine runs. In the same manner, no facts about the activity of the encephalon could be used to corroborate or rebut some information-processing theoretical account of knowledge † . ( Coltheart 2004, p.22 ) On lesson observations and learning undertaken, it was observed that elements of all the theories worked, but with burden on the instructor seting the right schemes in topographic point for single scholars every bit good as group acquisition. Forefront of every instructors mind, is the Every Child Matters docket, which is underpinned in one manner or another by all the theoreticians, but by far the most influential must be Maslow who developed a: â€Å" Hierarchy of demands † . ( Maslow 1943, pp.370-96 ) . And as such has lasted the instruction ages, after being dispelled to go the outstanding force, driving the demands of the modern twenty-four hours kid. Maslow ‘s hierarchy of demands contains five degrees, physiological, safety, love/ belonging, regard and self- realization in that go uping order and if the scaffolded pyramid is used in concurrence with the theoreticians aforementioned so the instruction and good being of any kid is able to come on at the needed gait. Word Count – 3204

Anti-Corruption Drive in India

â€Å"Anna Hazare’s Leadership† and Anti –corruption campaign in India 16th august 2011, was a day of vanity in Indian history which has putted curiosity among most of Indians. Many of us coveted to be part of the activities happening all around in Delhi, a wish to join hands with Anna Hazare. It was really hard to believe that a tenacious soldier could turn into an anti-corruption crusader by brilliantly executing an amazing series of checks and counter checks, leading to eventual checkmate. It was great experience to see a charismatic leadership in role of Anna Hazare that’s effect was so much subliminal which has shaken the backbone of deep rooted corruption in this country. Two questions were striking. Why this campaign? & why we need Anna for this campaign? Do we desperately need a leader like M. C. Gandhi again, who can cave in a right direction? Why we forgot real Gandhi and His sacrifice? We only remember that â€Å"Note wala Gandhi† by Munna Bhai MBBS. When we go to any office, Office clerk ask us â€Å"bhaiya Gandhi ke darshan karaa do Kaam ho jayega†. This campaign under Anna’s leadership is purposeful in following dimensions. 1. Creating dominance against corruption The major force behind this campaign was creating environment against corruption, if we turn up with association of corruption, we formulate it asCorruption = Authority + Monopoly – Transparency Authority, we cannot ignore the fact that authority should be given to some peoples to govern. But intension to choose those peoples plays importance. When transparency enforces to choose authority outcome is better, if somebody an ets absolute authority to govern then, its’ clear that corruption would be there. ‘Absolut Authority, Absolute Corruption’. If only some people have the control over all the resources, resulting decisions become biased, certain group who hold the resources, drives monopoly. This campaign is about to include transparency in the society and system to prevent government, social and corporate corruption. 2. Promoting re ctitude among individuals As well said a civilized economy cannot ignore the social value of business and responsibilities towards society, and environment. This is what not happening in Indian Economy, to keep and realize â€Å"civilized economy† a strong need of moral rectitude is required. Inclusiveness of all sections of the society, participation of each class families in this campaign gives an indication to take forward that people should realize their responsibility towards others and make the system better by considering each spot transparent. 3. Optimism for clean Institutions Corruption has been deeply rooted in peoples’ day to day life. Even sometimes we take or give bribe and don’t realize it. It has been strongly associated with status in society, fast growth and richness. Such kind of environment leaves an honest person alone and hopeless. This campaign has created some hope of truth, honesty and evoked to clean social and corporate Institutions from corruption. 4. Uprising humanity A development can be sustainable and unsustainable. In India, development is taking place at cost of others that’s why the gap between rich and poor becoming wider. We feel proud when we look our GDP is growing around 8. 5 to 9. % per year, on other side we fall under that category where we have the world’s largest population below poverty line. Sustainability which comes with collective humanism, must be our intention in development process, only then we can be able to develop ourselves with providing space for others to develop. The development stature of Anna’s village depicts an example of sustainability and this campaign under his leadership is pointing towards susta inable development. Reference: 1. http://nvonews. com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/anna-ram-rajya. jpg

International financial manager of P&G Essay

The person responsible for international financial management at Procter and Gamble Company (P&G) is Jon R. Moeller, an MBA Master’s degree holder from Cornell University (Bloomberg, 2010). Moeller is currently the chief financial officer of P&G since the commencement of the year 2009. His career profile shows various important positions he held before finally becoming the company’s finance manager- which demonstrate his skills and extensive experience. He joined P&G in 1988 just after graduating. Whereas there are numerous posts he held in the firm during his long-term stay, it would be important to state some of the pertinent positions to his current obligations in the company. From 2007 to 2008, he served as the company’s treasurer. Since the year 2000, he held various positions in Global beauty and Global health, in P&G, including being the vice president, vice president of finance and accounting, and manager of finance. Various approaches have been applied in the management of foreign risks in P&G. When Bob MacDonald stood to present the company’s growth profile in February 2010, he clearly pointed out the fact that the main element of such growth is innovation. It is rational to assert the fact that at multinational level, the firm is always exposed to risks such as fluctuating interest rates as well as changes in prices of various commodities and currency exchange rates (P&G, 2008). On his part when outlining the company’s growth, Jon Moeller pointed out that their main emphasis was creation of increased value for shareholders mainly at the leadership level (CINCINNATI, 2010). This can only be achieved through making the market value share grow in addition to increasing earnings per capital share. In addition, there is need to generate a very strong cash flow consistently. Moller indicated that to ensure increased earnings per share, they were implementing the shareholder value at leadership level. On the other hand, they would enhance innovation and execution to increase profitability of market shares. Consequently, this would create an appropriate environment for prices of goods and exchange rates in foreign currencies.