Technological Innovations of The Industrial Revolution Essay -- Essays

Technological Innovations of The Industrial Revolution There were many aspects of the eighteenth century Industrial Revolution, just the most prominent were all of the technological innovations. Three main ideas that contributed to the growth of inventions were cotton production, iron production, and the steam engine. This web page will provide a brief overview of these discoveries. First, cotton manufacturing increased tremendously. The initial invention was the flying shuttle. In the 1730s it was created to increase the amount of clothe begetd, by weaving cotton at a faster pace. Then James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny in 1765, which consisted of a series of machines that simultaneously spun sixteen threads of cotton. This sped up the amount of time that it took to produce cotton fabric, and took the place of several laborers work. Richard Arkwright soon realized that power-operated machines could be created, where unskilled workers could operate them. He did this by using warm water from the ground to prove a five-story wheel, which provided...

Essay --

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The Purpose of Caliban in The Tempest Essay -- Tempest Shakespeare

The Purpose of Caliban in The Tempest One of the indispensable themes displayed in The Tempest is the wave-particle duality of nature and society. This is made apparent through the character of Caliban. Caliban is a dis-figured fish-like creature that inhabits the island where the play The Tempest, takes place. Caliban is the son a witch-hag, and the only native on the island. In Calibans offset speech, he suggests that Prospero stole the island from him. (Act 1, Scene 1, line 331-342) This islands mine by Sycorax my mother Which thou takst from me. When thou camest first, Caliban is a servant to Prospero, the right duke of Milan. Caliban is a monstrous, and ugly creature. He is often referred to as servant-monster by others characters. At the start of the play, Caliban curses at the authority of Prospero because his dislikes him. (Act 1 scene 2 line 321-324) As wicked dew as eer my mother brushd with ravens feather from unwholesome fen Drop on both A south-west blow on ye And blister all oer Although Caliban has a foolish tongue, he is very knowledgeable on the island. Prospero recognizes his survival on the island but shows no respect for this. (Act 1 scene 2 line 366-371) Hag-seed, therefore Fetch us in fuel and be quick, thourt best, Caliban shows inconsideration and greed when he attempts to rape Miranda. Miranda is Prosperos only daughter. Caliban admits to the accusations of the attempt of rape, and states that he would have populated the island with his offspring. (Act 1 scene 2, line 349) O ho, O ho Wouldt had been done Thou didst prevent me I had people else This isle with Calibans Caliban is intimat... ... creature. Caliban is a character that learned to survive, salutary as every one does through life. Works Cited and Consulted Davidson, Frank. The Tempest An Interpretation. In The Tempest A Casebook. Ed. D.J. Palmer. London Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1968. 225. Kermode, Frank. Introduction. The Tempest. By William Shakespeare. Cambridge Harv ard UP, 1958. xlii. Palmer, D. J. (Editor) The Tempest - A Selection of censorious Essays London MacMillan Press Ltd., 1977. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans, et. al. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974. Stott, Jon et al. The Harbrace Anthology of Literature. Second Ed. Harcourt Brace and Company, 1998. Solomon, Andrew. A Reading of the Tempest. In Shakespeares Late Plays. Ed. Richard C. Tobias and Paul G. Zolbrod. Athens Ohio UP, 1974. 232.

Heinrich Schliemann Essay -- essays research papers fc

"We could describe (Heinrich) Schliemanns excavations on the hill of Hissarlik and consider their results without speaking of Troy or even alluding to it," Georges Perrot wrote in 1891 in his Journal des Savants. " stock-still then, they would have added a whole new chapter to the history of civilization, the history of art" (qtd. in Duch& axerophtholecircne 87). Heinrich Schliemanns life is the stuff fairy tales are do of. A poor, uneducated, and motherless boy rises through his hard work and parsimonious lifestyle to the heights of wealth (Burg 1,2). He travels the world and learns its languages ("Heinrich Schliemann"), takes a beautiful classic bride, and together they unearth the treasures of Troy and the citadel of Agamemnon, thereby fulfilling the dream he has chased since childhood (Calder 18,19 Burg 8). Indeed, by presenting his life in romantic autobiographies as a series of adventures, starring Heinrich Schliemann as the epic hero (Duch&ecircne 14), he ensured his status as a lasting folk hero and without end bestseller (Calder 19).The reality was that Heinrich Schliemann was an incredible con man, a generally unlikable braggart who succeeded only because of his queer mix of genius and fraudulence. He had a shylocks conscience when it came to stage business dealings, and his shady methods pervaded both his life and his archaeology (Burg, 15-31). Schliemann had a habit of rewriting his past in order to paint a more dramatic find of himself. Among the events he reported that have been found to be grossly untrue are his tales of being entertained by the American president Millard Fillmore and his wife in 1851, and his narrow escape from the San Francisco fire of that same year (Traill 9-13). More disturbing is when he applies these tactics to his archaeology. In December of 1981 Professor David Traill, a Latinist, concluded that the " nurse of Priam", Schliemanns most impressive find at Troy, was actually a composi te of several small finds uncovered from beyond the walls of the city. Schliemann had collected the pieces from 1871 to 1873 in order to asseverate a single find large enough to earn him the respect of fellow archaeologists, and also permission from the British to excavate at Mycenae (Calder 33). Twenty geezerhood of research led the Traill to the belief that, "the question is no longer whether but rather t... ...tp//www.astro.virginia.edu/eww6n/bios/Schliemann/&gt"Homeric Questions Part III - Archaeology- 9/6/98." The exploit Company, &lthttp//archaeology.miningco.com/library/weekly/aa090698.htm?pid=2765&ampcob=home&gt(6 September 1998)Kiernan, Mary K. "Heinrich Schliemann." Lecture at Vero Beach gamey School, 21 October 1997.Lost Treasures of Troy. BBC, London. 1994"The Minoan Costume." FirstNet, &lthttp//www.firstnethou.com/annam/costhist.html/minoan.html/index.html&gtTraill, David. Schliemann of Troy Treasure and Deceit. New Yor k St. Martins Press, 1995."Troy." Thinkquest Organization, &lthttp//www.thinkquest.org/tqfans.html&gt"Troy VI." Dartmouth Archaeology,&lthttp//devlab.cs.dartmouth.edu/history/bronze_age/lessons/23.html&gt" troy weight 4000 year old Ancient City." &lthttp//www.iit.edu/agunsal/truva/truva/truva.html&gt"Western Anatolia and the Eastern Aegean." &lthttp//devlab.dartmouth.edu/history/bronze_age/lessons/7.html9&gt(3 July 1996)&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp

How Kurt Vonneguts Life Efected his Work :: essays papers

How Kurt Vonneguts Life Efected his WorkKurt VonnegutKurt Vonnegut, Jr. was born in capital of Indiana in 1922. His father was an architect, his mother a noted beauty. Both spoke German, but wouldnt teach Kurt the language because of all the anti-German sentiment following the jump World War. While in high school, Vonnegut edited the schools daily newspaper. He attended Cornell for a little over two years and wrote for the Cornell Daily Sun. In 1942, he was drafted into the U.S. Army. In 1944, his mother committed suicide and he was taken prisoner following the Battle of the Bulge.After the warfare, Vonnegut entered a Masters program in anthropology at the University of Chicago. His thesis, titled Fluctuations Between Good and Evil in Simple Tales, was not accepted, but eventually he was awarded his MA for his writings in wanders Cradle. Throughout the 1950s Vonnegut produce numerous short stories in national magazines. Player Piano, his first novel, appeared in 1952. This was f ollowed by Sirens of Titan in 1959, come Night (1962), Cats Cradle (1963), God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater (1965), and his most highly-praised book, Slaughterhouse Five in 1969. Vonnegut has been prolific in the subsequent years, too. His most recent novel Timequake was published in 1997.On February 13, 1945, while Vonnegut was still a POW in Dresden, the city was bombed killing 135,000 citizens. Vonnegut and other Allied POWs took shelter in an underground meat locker. This was the basis for one of Vonneguts most famous works, Slaughterhouse-Five. All of this happened, more or less. The war parts, anyway, are pretty much true.1 So begins Slaughterhouse-Five. In the book an American POW named Billy Pilgrim witnesses and survives the firebombing of Dresden. Later, after he makes it home from the war, Pilgrim is kidnapped by aliens from the planet Tralfamadore. They explain to him their concept of time and put and that we exist solely for them. Vonnegut has said that he always inte nded to write about his experience, but was unable to do so for more than twenty years. He wanted to simply describe what happened through a narrative, but it never worked. The novel is a response to war. It is so short and jumbled and jangled, says Vonnegut, because there is goose egg intelligent to say about a massacre. Its easy to see how Vonneguts war time experience had an influence on Slaughterhouse-Five but, his knowledge of war also had some influence on Cats Cradle.

How Kurt Vonneguts Life Efected his Work :: essays papers

How Kurt Vonneguts Life Efected his WorkKurt VonnegutKurt Vonnegut, Jr. was born in Indianapolis in 1922. His father was an architect, his mother a noted beauty. both(prenominal) spoke German, just now wouldnt teach Kurt the language because of all the anti-German sentiment following the first World War. While in high school, Vonnegut edited the schools perfunctory newspaper. He attended Cornell for a little over two years and wrote for the Cornell Daily Sun. In 1942, he was drafted into the U.S. Army. In 1944, his mother committed suicide and he was taken prisoner following the Battle of the Bulge.After the war, Vonnegut entered a Masters program in anthropology at the University of Chicago. His thesis, titled Fluctuations Between Good and Evil in Simple Tales, was not accepted, but eventually he was awarded his MA for his writings in Cats Cradle. Throughout the 1950s Vonnegut published numerous shortstop stories in national magazines. Player Piano, his first novel, appeared i n 1952. This was followed by Sirens of Titan in 1959, Mother Night (1962), Cats Cradle (1963), God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater (1965), and his some highly-praised book, abattoir Five in 1969. Vonnegut has been prolific in the subsequent years, too. His most recent novel Timequake was published in 1997.On February 13, 1945, while Vonnegut was still a prisoner of war in Dresden, the city was bombed killing 135,000 citizens. Vonnegut and other Allied POWs took shelter in an underground meat locker. This was the basis for one of Vonneguts most famous works, Slaughterhouse-Five. All of this happened, more or less. The war parts, anyway, are pretty much true.1 So begins Slaughterhouse-Five. In the book an American POW named baton Pilgrim witnesses and survives the firebombing of Dresden. Later, after he makes it home from the war, Pilgrim is kidnapped by aliens from the planet Tralfamadore. They explain to him their concept of time and space and that we exist solely for them. Vonnegut has said that he always mean to write about his experience, but was unable to do so for more than twenty years. He wanted to simply describe what happened through a narrative, but it never worked. The novel is a response to war. It is so short and jumbled and jangled, says Vonnegut, because there is nothing intelligent to say about a massacre. Its short to see how Vonneguts war time experience had an influence on Slaughterhouse-Five but, his knowledge of war also had some influence on Cats Cradle.

A Worn Path VS A Rose For Emily Essay

In the pages of the short stories, A Worn track and A Rose For Emily we are able to see a similar side and joinion between the two. As we look at the theme, tone, and morals we are able to better hold the affair in these two stories, while detecting whether the two protagonists, leave out Emily and genus capital of Arizona Jackson are mentally crazy.The main moral in A Worn Path is the love, and life of Phoenix Jackson. The row she travels across interrupts her life. Her love is the love and affection she has for her grandson. If we read the story closer then it whitethorn ternion us to the conclusion that Phoenix really does not have a Grandson. Phoenix complains to the doctor that her Grandson has had a sore throat for an extremely long time. This may cause the reader to believe that she used to have a Grandson but he became so sick he died. Yet, at the like time Phoenix also shows her intellect by seeing the money fall out of the hunters jacket from a far off distance.I n A Rose For Emily the main moral is that some people will do anything not to be only if when they feel scared, and afraid of being left again. Miss Emilys father used to chase away all of her boyfriends or men she had feelings for. She became adapted to this life of only having her father and when he dies then she feels alone and doesnt want to ever be alone again and she has not the knowledge to maintain her own boyfriend or husband. So she decides to kill her accredited crush and she keeps him in a locked room until the day she dies.When you compare the two books they have a very similar tone. Though the locations different they still connect through the same tone. Phoenix Jackson is on a trail walking to town to buy some medical specialty for her Grandson, while Miss Emily is locked up in her house with a dead man. If you were to not focus as much on the location and put your attention to their state of mind then you can see that they are in the same atmosphere. The tone in A Worn Path is for Phoenix to accomplish the task of getting medicine for her grandchild, while the reader can look at the path as the challenges of her life. Miss Emily on the other hand is just looking to not be so alone.They both know that if they set their mind to their goal then they canaccomplish anything they wish to. The theme is slightly different however. Miss Emily and Phoenix both have goals, but in A Worn Path Phoenixs life is portrayed so much by the path itself. The path in the story tells the life of Phoenix. While Miss Emily is just a woman who sits at home and does not go out in public too often, she just wants to have company. Phoenix on the other hand had her mindset to go to town and socialize while purchasing the medicine.The conflict in A Rose For Emily is the conflict of humankind vs. human. However the story is told in a third person point of view, which does not gives us any insight to exactly what Emily, was thinking. The same goes for Phoenix, maybe if t he story was told in a first person point of view we would know if they are crazy or sane, because we could get into their mind and tell what it is they were thinking. For example, we dont know what Phoenix was thinking as she walked down the path, fell in the hole, and reached town.For Emily we could tell clearly if she was paranoid when she killed the man in her house by her thoughts and emotions. The conflict in A Worn Path is the battle between not only human vs. human but also human vs. nature. The battle of human vs. human lives in the mind of Phoenix but we have little insight of that because how the story is told in a third person not her mind. The next is human vs. nature because of the trials Phoenix has on the trail with the bumps, rocks, ditches, hunters, dogs, and etcetera.Therefore in the stories of A Worn Path and A Rose For Emily we see the similarities that linger in the mind of humans and they way they act to the observing eye. There are several things that are th e same such as the tone, conflict, and they have relative morals. Yet they have a different theme to make the reader compare and contrast these two books and their differences.

Although “Romeo and Juliet” Was Written by William Shakespeare in About 1600, Its Themes of Fate and Death, Love and Hate Are Enduring Concerns for Us Today. Discuss. Essay

3. Although Romeo and Juliet was written by William Shakespe ar in about 1600, its themes of fate and closing, eff and hate are enduring concerns for us directly. Discuss.Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy, written by the re this instantned Shakespeare in the 1600s, which has remained a popular playing period for galore(postnominal) people straight off. It tells the story of cardinal star crossed grapplers whose fleeting romance is ended by tragedy. The reason that this play is so appealing to audiences at once lies within the main themes of the play love and hate, death and fate. Because of the enduring the comp angiotensin-converting enzyments of these themes, the lessons and experiences found in the book gage be easily relatable to the people of our time. The themes of love, which we will see comes in numerous forms, are both easily related to situations that many people will face in our times. Hate is also a theme which has continued from Shakespeares time to now and large ly effects communities today. Death is a theme that anybody can relate to, and the reasons for the deaths in Romeo and Juliet can also be applied to true peoples death. The theme fate is not so easily applicable to todays gild as the other themes, but t present are many exceptions and the concepts behind fate can still apply to us today. But the first theme to be discussed will be that of love.One of the most axiomatic themes in the play is Love. Within the play, there are a couple of types of love displayed a fleeting infatuation and a genuine love. The fleeting love can be seen at the opening of the play where Romeo claims to be in love with the maiden Rosaline. His crush on Rosaline leads him to do thoughtless things, which Montague tells us when he says Away from the light steals home my heavy son and in his private chamber pens himself, shuts up his windows, locks fair daylight out, and makes himself an artificial night.(Act 1, scene 1, page 29) Romeo locks himself in his room and weeps over her, but as soon as he sees Juliet, his love for her instantly vanishes. Many people can relate to this today because developing up they are bound to have brief infatuations that, although fleeting, may also make them do some unwise things. And secondly, the genuine love of Romeo and Juliet. For these two, it was love at first sight, but evidentlyit was an everlasting love. In comparison to Romeo and Rosalines love, Romeo and Juliet show a much deeper, passionate love. They speak to each other in poetry and are even willing to risk their lives and kill themselves for each other.In the balcony scene, Romeo even says to Juliet I am no pilot yet, wert thou as far as that vast shore washed with the farthest sea, I should adventure for such merchandise (act 2, scene 2, page 52) This means that he would go to the ends of the earth, no matter how dangerous or difficult it was, just to reach Juliet. One modern example of this love would be from September 3rd 2010. Bria n woodland and his pregnant wife Erin were driving to meet family when a car raced head on towards them. Brian immediately spun the wheel to the right, devising sure that only he would be hit with full impact from the car. Brian was killed, but Erin walked away with only a few bruises. That is only one of many thousands examples of love that we see today. Love is a concept that can be grasped by people from around the world at any time in history. On the other hand, Romeo and Juliet also provides us with the theme opposite of love hate. Hate is a strong theme in Romeo and Juliet, ultimately leading to the death of several characters. The opening scene of the play shows us the rivalry between the two rich families, the Montagues and Capulets.The long-lasting feud causing destruction and havoc within the city of Verona. thither are many gangs today that share the same behavioural traits of the Capulets and Montagues back then. For example, there were many fights fought in the play over small issues. For example, in Act 1 circumstance 1 when Sampson and Gregory see people from the house of Montague approaching, they discuss ways of provoking them to start a fight, saying things such as I will bunko game my thumb at them, which is a disgrace if they bear it and Draw, if you be men.(Act 1, scene 1, page 26) The people of the Capulet house go purposely looking for a fight. Whereas the gangs today will fight over matters such as territory, respect and drug turf and will purposely go out looking for fights so they can look more superior to other gangs. Another scene where we see this theme is in the scene when Mercutio dies and Romeo says Away to heaven respective lenity, and fire-eyed fury be my conduct now (Act 3, scene 1, page 71) hither Romeo wants to avenge Mercutios death by killing Tybalt, even though he originally did not want to fight Tybalt because of his coupling to Juliet, Tybalts cousin. This can be compared to gangs, whowill not leave any type of d isrespect unanswered in fear of losing their account or respect. Sometimes, when the hatred of one another maturates out of hand, it can lead to the next theme, death. The death of six characters throughout Romeo and Juliet makes death significant theme, as good as presenting the play as a tragedy. All of the deaths in the play were a result of the feud between the Montagues and the Capulets, whether it was suicide or murder. The theme of death is global theme Shakespeare highlights in his plays that has not changed through the years. Death is an everlasting concept and there will always be application for it in the world, whether it is today or 411 years ago. In order, there were the deaths of Mercutio, Tybalt, Paris, Romeo, Juliet and finally Lady Montague.The two most prominent deaths were of Romeo and Juliet who, after a failed plan to avoid Juliets marriage to Paris, commit suicide. Friar Laurence explains after both are found dead in the tomb, saying But when I came, some minute ere the time of her awakening, here untimely lay the noble Paris and true Romeo dead And she, too, desperate, would not go with me. (Act 5, scene 3, page 115). One modern application of this happened in October 2010. In that month, there were over five cases of teenage suicide because of harassment at school due to their sexual orientation. This applies the same concepts of the suicides of Romeo and Juliet when they were not able to be with one another because of opposition. The other deaths are results of murders by the opposing side of the quarrel. There have been so many wars and gang fights in our time, it would be almost insufferable to name them all. Much like the score between the Montagues and Capulets, many have died as a result of the fighting, when it could have otherwise been solved. The reason behind the grudge between the Montagues and Capulets had been long forgotten, as has the reasoning behind the conflict between gangs. Another factor that can also be blam ed for the death of certain characters is fate. Fate is perhaps one of the most important factors in the death of the two protagonists. Romeo and Juliet is a tragic play where the characters have no awareness of their turn up downfall.In the time the play is set, fate and destiny were huge concepts that were definitely factors that affected the decisions made in their lives. But in todays ordering there are less and less people who think that there is anything that is meant to be or supposed to happen, and instead think about ways to get around problems and thatthere are many different outcomes for each of our actions. They believe that they have their own free will and their futures are determined by the decisions they make. This theme, although not very directly, is still applicable to us now. There are still people who do believe in fate, just as in the 1600s. There are many people such as psychics or fortune tellers who make their living out of telling people their destinies. But the majority of society may not think of their lives as being predetermined by some force, many decide to follow their gut feeling in making decisions. Before going to the Capulets party and meeting Juliet, Romeo says I fear, too early.For my mind misgives some consequence, yet hanging in the stars(Act 1, scene 5, page 42) Here Romeo is scared and doesnt feel as if he should go to the ball because he thinks there is an event destined by the stars that is going to happen that night. Similarly, today there are people who will base their decisions on how they feel and the consequences of that action. Almost every single person at some point in their lives will question themselves, asking things such as What is my purpose in life? Having a purpose in life is like having a destiny. You may not know what it is, and you may not know how to find out. There are many different opportunities and choices that are met, but as you live your life, every decision that you make up to a certain p oint leads you to the answer of your question. There are many ideas behind the themes of Romeo and Juliet, all of which have endured down to today. With the universal concepts of the themes of love, hate, death and fate we find that the lives of the Montagues and Capulets were much like the lives that we live today. Of course the situations they were in were different, but the same lessons can be learned and the same themes are applied to daily life. So as Juliet said in the balcony scene Whats in a name? That which we call a rose by any other word could smell as sweetly. (act 2, scene 2, page 51). Just as a rose would smell just as sweet if called by any other name, the themes of Romeo and Juliet and its lessons are just as impressive when applied to the different situations in different time periods.

“The Filipino Penchant for Beauty Products and Whitener Reflects That Colonial Outlook on Beauty”

Dasmarinas East National High instill San Simon, Dasmarinas City The Filipino sense of taste for kayo products and whitener reflects that colonial outlook on peach tree Tittle In a Partial Fulfilwork forcet in English IV IV- Pearl ______________ _____________ disposed(p) by Prepargond to Chapter 1 Introduction A. Backround of the Study For so many years beauty has been a center of attraction to all. It can be considered as one of the major(ip) aspects of an individuals life. Beauty is defined as any of those qualities of objects, sounds, emotional or intellectual concepts, behavior, etc.That gratify or arouse admiration to a graduate(prenominal) degree, especially by the perfection of form resulting from the harmonious combination of divers(a) elements in unity. A person appears bewitching when seen perfectly. And most of the Filipinos are indisputcapable of that statement. Filipinos want to become beautiful, that even using so many ornamental product just to beautify get out do. This research entitled The Filipino druthers for beauty products and whiteners reflects the colonial outlook in beauty, aims to prove that Filipinos tend to believe that carnal beauty is an edge among others.Specifying that beauty has been the most prosperous and considerable things oer others. The three major reasons why beauty matters are beauty creates energy, beauty debriefs tension and beauty helps our self esteem. One tends to attract compulsive energies resulting to positive outlook in life, whenever there is a satisfaction in someones beauty. Beauty really helps in developing ones self-esteem. Because it will eventually lead to the confidence of oneself. The researchers tend to believe that physical beauty is fashion that makes an individual creative, physically and mentally creative.People usually use beauty as an instrument on socializing. The face isphysical, therefore personal and intimate, yet the face is also made up and undefendable to fashion. Accepta nce in name of beauty cannot be avoided, based on what the researcher experienced. It is the nature of aech and e genuinely one . And it is observed especially on the side of women, which sense of smells more pressure than men in terms of beautification. Millions of women, of all ages and countries and ethnicities, feel pressures to look different than they do, to gain the esteem of others and acceptance in their own eyes.Some men feel similar pressures, though not often and seldom as with as much force, for in nearly human societies beauty is more vigourously required of women than men. Men can feel good about themselves on the basis of power, wealth and carry outment. Women in industrial societies gain self-esteem from those things too, but they are also required to be beautiful or at least to present themselves beautifully, It seems that women are required to be presented beautifully at all time. Thats why beauty products and procedures are the requirements to achieve the said edge among others. Beauty is the state of mind when you feel beautiful, you are beautifulA good appreance shows that you assess yourself. When people see that, they feel respect for you too. When you give respect, you get respect. This statement appeals that you should be speak outing positive, be confident, and dont be afraid of what other say. But as the researchers observed, this does not dwell anymore. When people want to become beautiful, they will apply make-up, skin whiteners, etc. but then, for others who cannot afford, then why not take optimism? so that insecurity will never be an arguing issue. Although considered as the edge for millions of people, beauty needs so many painful ways first before achieving it. Beauty gives pleasure even if achieving it could be painful. Some people, most especially Filipinos work hard to attain the beauty preference of the majority. According on the website that we have visited, on the come of forty percent of the Filipinos populat ion has tried some form of whitening treatment or applied whitening cream to their skin. The Filipinos are vain very vain.Skin whitening is just one of the many things that Filipinos would go through to stand up to Filipino standard of beauty. This leads to the researchers conclusions that Filipinos are seriously trenchant on how they will appear to others, believing that white is beauty. According to Stephen M. Smith Looks may not be everything, but physical good news usually work in ones favour. Such is the conclusion of a quarters centurys worth of research on physical attraction effects. Physical attractive individuals are often viewed more favourably than unattractiveness effects.Physical attractive individual are often viewed more favourably than unattractive people on dimensions that are weakly related or unrelated to physical looks, such as intelligience, sociability and morality. Thats exactly what the researcher mean, that beauty favourability cannot be avoided or dimin ished in every aspects of life. Especiallyin Filipinos who really considered that beauty is an edge among others. Dasmarinas East National High School English IV IV- PearlResearch Title The Filipino penchant for beauty products and whitener reflects that colonial outlook on beauty We IV- Pearl students are conducting a Research Paper as a requirement for our subject in English IV. To be able to know the possible reason why Filipino tend to believe that physical beauty is an edge over others, we are now requesting you to help us in this survey. Please check the thump for your appropriate answers answer the open misgivings truthfully. Any answers will be treat confidentially and will be only used as data for this research. physical body __________________________________ Address _____________________Gender ___ Survey Question 1. Do you use beauty products, whiteners? Yes No 2. What products do you usually use? Face Powder Body Lotion pig Creme Lipstick 3. wherefore do you uses th ose products? ___________________________________ 4. Which one do you think you cannot live without? ____________________________________ 5. When did you simoleons using these products? ____________________________________ 6. Are you satisfied by the result? Yes No . Do you plan it to use it continuously? ___________________________________ 8. Who influence you to use those products? ___________________________________ 9. What advantage do you think you have over others by using these products? ___________________________________ 10. Do you believe that physical beauty is an edge over others? Yes No Dasmarinas East National High School English IV IV- Pearl Research Title The Filipino penchant for beauty products and whitener reflects that colonial outlook on beautyWe IV- Pearl students are conducting a Research Paper as a requirement for our subject in English IV. To be able to know the possible reason why Filipino tend to believe that physical beauty is an edge over others, we are now requesting you to help us in this survey. Please check the box for your appropriate answers answer the open questions truthfully. Any answers will be treated confidentially and will be only used as data for this research. Name __________________________________ Address _____________________Gender ___ Survey Question 1. Do you use beauty products, whiteners?Yes No 2. What products do you usually use? Face Powder Body Lotion Hair Creme Lipstick 3. Why do you uses those products? ___________________________________ 4. Which one do you think you cannot live without? ____________________________________ 5. When did you start using these products? ____________________________________ 6. Are you satisfied by the result? Yes No 7. Do you plan it to use it continuously? ___________________________________ 8. Who influence you to use those products? __________________________________ 9. What advantage do you think you have over others by using these products? ____________________________ _______ 10. Do you believe that physical beauty is an edge over others? Yes No Scope and Delimitation This study focuses on how the Filipinos penchant to beauty products and whitener reflect the colonial outlook on beauty. The respondents were randomly selected and are composed of 15 female and 10 male students and non student. This study will no longer discuss the different brand of those determine cosmetic products.The researchers gathered information through the use of some relevant books that can be found in the Pambayang Aklatan ng Dasmarinas, internet sources. Statement of the line This study aims to answer the following question 1. What are the beauty products commonly used by Filipinos? 2. Why do Filipinos use those said beauty products? 3. What should be the true concept of beauty? 4. Why do Filipinos tend to believe that physical appreance is an edge among others? Significance of the Study The finding of this study will acquire the following groups of peopleFuture inve stigator This research paper can be used as a reference if there is a certain relation between the topics. Filipinos They will be able to realize that physical appereance is not the only favourable thing above all. They will be able to assess the dos and donts regarding using cosmetic products. Definition of Terms Ethnicities- A particular ethnic affiliation group (student of divers ethnicities), e. g. A university that aggressively recruits the student body of diverse ethnicities. Harmonious- Having the parts agreeably related (blended into a harmonious), e. . the living was decorated in harmonious color. Vain- Unsuccessful he amah a vain attempt to go on the drowning woman. E. g. she is very vain about her appereance. Transcends- Changing the person. E. g. she was able to transcend her own suffering and help others. Beauty- Physical appereance which is considered as the edge over others. E. g. we explored the natural beauty of island. Penchant- A strong and continued inclinatio n broadly liking. E. g. a penchant for sitting by the window and arrant(a) moodily of into space. Vigourously- Carried out forcefully and energetically.E. g. she give a vigourous defense of her beliefs. Cosmetic- Designed to increase the beauty and hide the defects of something, especially the face he had a cosmetic surgery to improve the shape of his nose. E. g. almond oil is sometimes used in cosmetic products. Statement of the Problem This study aims to answer the following question 1. What are the beauty products commonly used by Filipinos? 2. Why do Filipinos use those said beauty products? 3. What should be the true concept of beauty? 4. Why do Filipinos tend to believe that physical appreance is an edge among others?Significance of the Study The finding of this study will benefit the following groups of people Future Researcher This research paper can be used as a reference if there is a certain relation between the topics. Filipinos They will be able to realize that physica l appereance is not the only favourable thing above all. They will be able to assess the dos and donts regarding using cosmetic products. Definition of Terms Ethnicities- A particular ethnic affiliation group (student of divers ethnicities), e. g. A university that aggressively recruits the student body of diverse ethnicities.Harmonious- Having the parts agreeably related (blended into a harmonious), e. g. the living was decorated in harmonious color. Vain- Unsuccessful he maid a vain attempt to reach the drowning woman. E. g. she is very vain about her appereance. Transcends- Changing the person. E. g. she was able to transcend her own suffering and help others. Beauty- Physical appereance which is considered as the edge over others. E. g. we explored the natural beauty of island. It can be either developed the humane values because in our life today is taking the advantage of being beautiful or bragging(a) .

Is Rationalisation a Desirable Strategy?

Foundations of Managing and Organising Essay 1 Is rationalisation a desirable strategy for managing and organising Junction Hotel in the current economic climate? Junction Hotel is an upmarket, metropolis centre hotel with proud tradition of strong customer service with a traditional approach. (2012, pp. 2-3) FoM Seminar prevailbook 1 2012-13). Simon Chance is the newly appointed C. E. O of the hotel in hope to restore the glorious hotel there once was. Simon Chance is a venture capitalist and president of Second-Chance consortium and is entrusting to step up to the repugn of updating the hotel through with(predicate) the way it operates, looks and how its run.Problems with the hotel range from poor management and system of rules to dated equipment and deteriorating interior. This does not impress the high-class clientele the Hotel claims to cater for. The poor antecedent of the hotel matched with the very expensive room charges is not something customers will oblige to pay f or especially in the current economy where peoples expenses ar ascending alongside taxation and a poor economic climate leaving people with less disposable income.Furthermore, with the worldwide hotel sector looking as if it will be much more profitable there will be increased competition for Junction Hotel and a wider choice of hotels for customers to choose from. (MarketingCharts Staff, February 21, 2012. Hotel Industry self-collected for 2012. http//www. marketingcharts. com/direct/hotel-industry-poised-for-2012-growth-21201/). Chance has decided a new business strategy is what Junction Hotel needs in order to re form the success it once had and looks at rationalisation as a potential strategy.Rationalisation is organising a business through principles of management in order to gain efficiency often accomplished through downsizing e. g. reducing workforce or selling/closing plants. By increasing efficiency it go off cut hotel running costs of which the money can be spent on r enovating the run down hotel. A problem with the current state of Junction Hotel is the lack of clear roles and job titles, which can be seen as almost essential today for all businesses.A more bureaucratic approach would be a great way to everyplacecome this. This would include a clear hierarchy of authority usually presented in an organisational chart appointing each stave member their place in the organisation and who they answer to i. e. who their supervisor/s are. At the moment there is confusion with a number of staff as to what their roles are such(prenominal) as Linda Wilkinson whose responsibility is continually growing ranging from modify staff to reception staff to maintenance etc.This poses a problem as there is no division of bray which instantly reduces efficiency in the organisation as employees may not be clear on what to do and therefore there may be more people than necessary doing a specific job or important tasks left altogether. Furthermore, there is confusio n over the roles in the restaurant with the Head Chef and Wilkinson both wanting control over the waiting staff. A well thought out organisation chart will indicate the position of each employee very clearly and means everyone should be able to cope with the workload thus minimising mistakes.It may be that Chance needs to hire more supervisors as Wilkinson seems to be accountable for many of the staff a much higher ratio than what would be ideal. Morgan, G, (2006) Mechanization Takes demand Organizations as Machines from Morgan, G, Images of Organization p 19 states that there should be Unity of Command meaning an employee should receive orders from only one supervisor as well as a low Span of Control meaning the number of employees coverage to one supervisor should not be so large that it creates communication problems.It is evident that this is not the case in Junction Hotel and the problems of this are beginning to show. (REFERENCE round SPECIALISATION e. g. relating to mcdon alds/travelodge). Taking this more bureaucratic approach will enable Chance to make the workforce more rational and organised allowing efficiency of work to increase. Chance may decide the workers are unmotivated if rationalisation is put into action. By allocating specific jobs especially monotonous labour that is carried out day in day out workers may feel dehumanised and can get easily bored.This is a downside of the strategy Chance wishes to use however, there have been studies such as the Hawthorne studies which suggest it is possible to overcome these problems. Furthermore, on the plus side work at Junction Hotel is not as repetitive and dehumanising as grind workers who worked for Taylor or Ford and is even better than much of todays work which has been a victim of McDonaldization. Ritzer, G. (2008) The Mcdonaldization of society p. 7 claims due to efficiency Managers gain because more work gets done, more customers are served and more profits are earned and therefore aim to achieve greatest efficiency which is defined as choosing the optimum means to a given end. This compositors case of rational organisation is very mechanical, employees work solely for monetary rewards and work is very individual. This type of working environment would not suit Junction Hotel as a hotel is a very social place where workers need to communicate with each another(prenominal) and customers.This type of work environment in advanced(a) society would be found in a fast food restaurant such as McDonalds here monotonous tasks are continuously carried out by the workers and even what they say is scripted. This would not work well in the Junction Hotel setting as each customer in the hotel will have different queries besides would you want the receptionist to have the same conversation with you as somebody serving you in McDonalds? (FoM Seminar (2012) Nottingham Trent University). Furthermore, the Hawthorne Studies found that there are many factors that changed the output workers produced.I feel these are not entirely relevant to the workers at Junction Hotel because a lot of the jobs to do at Junction Hotel are more concerned with the quality than the quantity. For example there are only 100 rooms to clean though these should although be done quickly there should be certainty that each room is spotless to maintain this luxurious hotel image. Changes in the light level wont have much impact on the rate of work in the Hotel or have much impact on customers as they are not really buying products. Such changes may be necessary in the restaurant as here it is important for food to be made and served quickly.Overall, I think rationalisation is a much needed strategy but not in the way it is made clear to us in the modern day e. g. by dehumanising workers and giving them simple, boring tasks to do. It is important for Junction Hotel to gain a structure/hierarchy as well as division of labour to occur though there is a risk of workers being stripped of the ir individuality and therefore a line must be drawn at how bureaucratic the organisation should become as it must remain a high class venue and not equivalent to a Travelodge where there are hundreds of venues which look and operate the same and include no perks for the customer.REFEERNCE LIST Anon. (2012, pp. 2-3) FoM Seminar workbook 1 2012-13 MarketingCharts Staff, February 21, 2012. Hotel Industry Poised for 2012. http//www. marketingcharts. com/direct/hotel-industry-poised-for-2012-growth-21201/ Morgan, G, (2006, p 19) Mechanization Takes Command Organizations as Machines from Morgan, G, Images of Organization Ritzer, G. (2008, p. 57) The Mcdonaldization of society Anon. (2012) FoM Seminar Nottingham Trent University

Characterization of Having Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is a psycho logic illness that is characterized by marked heaviness loss, an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted torso image, and amenorrhea (Johnson 1996). It in general affects adolescent girls and occurs in approximately 0.2 to 1.3 percent of the general population (Johnson 1996). There are numerous complications of anorexia nervosa, involving nearly every organ system, however nearly complications whitethorn be reversed when a healthy nutritional state is restored (Johnson 1996). Treatment involves nutritional and psychological rehabilitation, and may be administered on an inpatient or outpatient groundwork (Johnson 1996).By the age of eighteen, more than 50 percent of female persons perceive themselves as too fat, despite having a normal weight, therefore it is not surprising that the preponderance and incidence rates of anorexia nervosa (and bulimia) tend to be higher in certain populations, such as college sororities (Johnson 1996). In this type o f environment, there is a high anteriority placed on thinness and dieting is a common practice (Johnson 1996). This condition generally begins in adolescence to early adulthood, with onset at a average of 17 years of age, however it has been reported in grade-school children and middle-aged persons (Johnson 1996).Anorexia nervosa seldom occurs in developing countries, and is most common in industrialized societies, such as Great Britain, Sweden, Canada, and the United States, where food is easily obtained and a high priority is placed on slenderness (Johnson 1996). Patients with anorexia maintain a body weight slight than 85 percent of normal either through weight loss or by refusal to make expected weight gains during times of normal reaping (Johnson 1996).Criteria for anorexia nervosa as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV allowA.Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height.B.Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat.C.Disturbance in the way in which one body weight or physical body is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight.D.In postmenarcheal females, amenorrhea, i.e., the absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles A woman is considered to strike amenorrhea if her periods occur only following hormone, e.g., estrogen, administration (Johnson 1996).During the current episode of anorexia nervosa, the singular has regularly engaged in binge-eating or purging behavior, i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics or enemas (Johnson 1996). Individuals with anorexia nervosa have a disturbed perception of their own weight and body- shape (Johnson 1996). Some individuals perceive themselves as overweight even though they are emaciated, while other perceive only certain parts of their body as fat (Johnson 1996).Although anorexia nervosa typically develops during adolescence, late-onset disease may emerge in adulthood after successful pregnancies and child rearing (Tinker 1989). When a patients weight locomote below 70 percent of ideal body weight, hospitalization and use of a nasogastric tube and hyperalimentation may be necessary (Tinker 1989).Many adults who have anorexia nervosa resist an impatient psychiatric admission, however they can be managed on an outpatient basis by a team consisting of the family physician, a psychotherapist and a dietitian (Tinker 1989). With careful attention to fundamental concepts of care, interventional skills and positive attitudes toward patient care and recovery, most patients with eating disorders can be expected to do well, however the expectation that every patient will develop entirely normal behaviors and interpersonal relationships may be unrealistic (Tinker 1989).Julie K. OToole, M.D. reported to a conference sponsored by the North Pacific paediatric Society, that despite common perceptions among medical professionals and the general public, anorexia nervosa is not a psychosocial disease, but is a brain disorder and should be seen as such (Finn 2005). OToole claims she has treated children who were home-schooled on farms with no television and no access to fashion magazines, however she does admit that the images of thinness in the media do make it more difficult to achieve oblivion (Finn 2005).Moreover, several formal epidemiologic studies have failed to find any link between anorexia and social class, and that the disease has been seen in non-Westernized Arabic girls, as well as Asians (Finn 2005). Thus, according to OToole, by rejecting the purely psychoanalytic paradigm allows the patient to receive the same compassion and understanding as do victims of other medical diseases (Finn 2005).The most common physical examination findings are lanugo, bradycardia, and hypotension, osteopenia and osteoporosis (Harris 1991). Medical complications include pain a nd retarded emptying of the stomach, excessively dry skin, intolerance to cold weather, constipation, and edema (Harris 1991). early(a) complications include decreases in heart size and the development of abnormal blood flow dynamics through the heart chambers and valves (Harris 1991).Laboratory abnormalities can include anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and disturbances of thyroid function (Harris 1991). Some studies have found that undernourishment may result in a significant stunting of growth in male adolescents, but has only a marginal effect in female adolescents (Stein 2003). Other investigators note advanced skeletal maturation during growth retardation, resulting in imperishable foreshortening, in a female patient but not in male patients (Stein 2003).A recent study found that anorexia nervosa patients who were discharged while tight-fitting had a worse outcome and higher rate of re-hospitalization than those who had achieved a stable weight (Maloney 1997). A weekly joint care conference on the medical ward is critical for successful management, and for outpatient treatment, the clinician sets the target weight as that weight necessary to regain menses and stop bone demineralization (Maloney 1997).

Solution of Chapter 8 Operations Mangement by Jay Heizer

Service location decisions tend to focus on the revenue function, whereas manufacturing/industrial location decisions tend to focus on costs. The serve sector uses techniques such as Correlation analysis Traffic counts Demographic analysis Purchasing power analysis The industrial decision uses Transportation mode Factor-weighting approach Break-even analysis Cross everyplace charts 8. Factors to consider when choosing a country Exchange rates Government stability Communications systems within the country and to the home right Wage rates Productivity Transportation costsLanguage Tariffs Taxes Attitude towards foreign investors/incentives Legal system Ethical standards Cultural issues Supplies availability Market locations 9. Factors to consider in a region/community decision Corporate desires Attractiveness of region Labor issue Utilities Environmental regulations Incentives Proximity to raw materials/customers Land/construction costs 10. land site location reckons Size and cost Transportation systems Zoning Proximity of services/supplies needed Environmental impact END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS 8. 1(a)Six laborers each making $3 per day earth-closet produce 40 units. b)Eight laborers each making $2. 50 per day, can produce 45 units. (c)Two laborers, each making $64 per day, can make degree centigrade units.China is closely economical, assuming transportation costs are not included. 8. 2Malaysia China Montana China is most favorable. 8. 6Atlanta Charlotte Charlotte is better. 8. 7 Suburb B has the highest rating, but weights should be examined employ sensitivity analysis, as the final ratings are all close. 8. 8 status Present Location Newbury Hyde Park Factor Wgt Wgt Wgt 1 40 0. 30 12 60 0. 30 18. 00 50 0. 0 15. 0 2 20 0. 15 3 20 0. 15 3. 00 80 0. 15 12. 0 3 30 0. 20 6 60 0. 20 12. 00 50 0. 20 10. 0 4 80 0. 35 28 50 0. 35 17. 50 50 0. 35 17. 5 Total Points 49 Total Points 50. 50 Total Points 54. 5 It appears that Hyde Park represents the c rush alternative. 8. 9(a)Chicago = 16 + 6 + 7 + 4 = 33 Milwaukee = 10 + 13. 5 + 6 + 3 = 32. 5 Madison = 12 + 12 + 4 + 2. 5 = 30. 5 Detroit = 14 + 6 + 7 + 4. 5 = 31. 5 All four are quite close, with Chicago and Milwaukee almost tied.Chicago has the largest rating, with a 33. b)With a cutoff of 5, Chicago is unacceptable because it scores solo 4 on the second factor. Only Milwaukee has scores of 5 or higher on all factors. 8. 10 Location A Factor lean Rating Weighted Score 1 5 100 500 2 3 80 240 3 4 30 120 4 2 10 20 5 2 90 180 6 3 50 150 Total charge score 1210 Location B Factor Weight Rating Weighted Score 1 5 80 400 2 3 70 210 3 4 60 240 4 2 80 160 5 2 60 120 6 3 60 180 Total weighted score 1310 Location C Factor Weight Rating Weighted Score 1 5 80 400 2 3 100 300 3 4 70 280 4 2 60 120 5 2 80 160 6 3 90 270 Total weighted score 1530Based on the total weighted scores, Location C should be recommended. Note that raw weights were used in reckon these wei ghted scores (we just multiplied weight times rating). Relative weights could have been used instead by taking each factor weight and dividing by the sum of the weights (i. e. , 19). Then the weight for factor 1 would have been . Location C would still have been selected. . 11 Site 3 has the highest rating factor, 86. 65, and should be selected. 8. 12(a)The following figure indicates the volume range for which each site is optimal. Site 1 is optimal for production less than or bear upon to 125 units. Site 2 is optimal for production between 125 and 233 units. Site 3 is optimal for production above 233 units. (b)For 200 units, site 2 is optimal. 8. 13 (a) (b)For 5,000 units, Perth is the better option. 8. 14 VA AB BC 8. 15 (a) The total cost equations are (b)Denver is preferable over the range from 03,570 units.Burlington is lowest cost at any volume exceeding 3,570, but less than 25,000 units. Atlanta is never lowest in cost. Cleveland becomes the best site only when volume exc eeds 25,000 units per year. (c)At a volume of 5,000 units, Burlington is the least-cost site. 8. 16 The proposed new hub should be near (5. 15, 7. 31). 8. 17 City Map Coordinates Shipping Load A 2, 1 20 B 2, 13 10 C 4, 17 5 D 7, 7 20 E 8, 18 15 F 12, 16 10 G 17, 4 20 H 18, 18 20 120 8. 19 The proposed new facility should be near (7. 97, 6. 69).

Mktg 390 Exam 3 Study Guide

MKTG 390, Exam 3 1. Marketers a lot mislead consumers by misrepresenting marketing seek find oneselfings in ads and sales presentations. What argon six slipway in which they do this? (1). Incomp allowe or misleading reporting of view or product testing results (2). Reporting only the voice of survey answerers answering in a given way (for example, 55% of those surveyed said. ) but non the absolute figure of speechs or the smack sizing of it (3). Misleading specification of the competitors tested in reported comparative tests (4).Using survey techniques that conf expenditure answerers or bias their answers, but not revealing the questions and interview procedure. some convictions corporate investigateers intentionally design the play a huges product testing and marketing seek studies so as to generate deceptive findings. (1). Testing the beau mondes drug against a analogy during theta is well(p) known not to work well. (2). Testing the societys drug against too hu mble a dose of the comparison product, to make the comp eithers drug appear to a greater extent effective , or against too high a dose of the comparison product to make the companys drug appear less toxic. 3). Reporting only that part of a product trial that favors the companys drug, and hiding the rest of the results. (4). Funding many different studies close the same product but reporting only the champion or 2 that make the companys product look desirable. 1) Tell lies ab come out of the closet risks or limitations 2) Omit disclosing risks or limitations entirely 3) Bury or conceal disclosures among early(a) in tieration 4) Report only % of respondents who answer in a specific way 5) Incomplete reporting of testing results 6) Using survey techniques that confuse respondents 2. formulate the digit of sub hosts system for determining experiment size. In any prototype size determination problem, consideration essential be given to the number and anticipate size of various subgroups of the make out precedent that must be analyzed and active which statistical inferences must be made. For example, a searcher might decide that a sample of 400 is quite qualified general. However, if male and female respondents must be analyzed separately and the sample is expected to be 50 pct male and 50 percent female, then the expected sample size for each subgroup is only 200.Is this number adequate for making the desired statistical inferences approximately the characteristics of the ii groups? If the results be to be analyzed by both sex and age, the problem gets even much complicated. Assume that it is important to analyze quaternary subgroups of the total sample work force under(a)(a) 35, men 35 and over, women under 35, and women 35 and over. If each group is expected to make up about 25 percent of the total sample, a sample of 400 w hallucinating include only 100 respondents in each subgroup.The problem is that as sample size gets pocketableer, taste error gets larger, and it becomes more difficult to tell whether an observed difference between two groups is a real difference or simply a look of have error. Other things being equal, the larger the number of subgroups to be analyzed, the larger the required total sample size. It has been suggested that a sample should provide, at a minimum, 100 or more respondents in each major subgroup and 20 to 50 respondents in each of the less important subgroups. Number of Subgroups to Be Analyzed . Subgroupsthe number and anticipated size of various subgroups of the total sample that must be analyzed and statistical inferences must be made should be seriously considered. b. Sample sizedependent on the number of subgroups to be analyzedthe more needed the larger the required total sample size. c. Minimum Needs100 or more respondents in each major subgroup and 20 to 50 respondents in each of the less important subgroups. 3. You need to hire a marketing investigate firm to work with y ou on a new product research spue.Five factors you might consider in choosing among different research firms are the price they charge, their seeming h matchlesssty, their punctuality (ability to meet deadlines on a project), their flexibility, and their capacity to deliver the specified work. What are five some opposite important factors for you to consider in making your select? Briefly pardon why each of these five factors is important. Maintains lymph node confidentiality Provide high-quality output Responsive to the clients needs High quality-control standards Customer orientated in fundamental interaction with clients Keep clients informed throughout a project (1).Maintains client confidentiality (2). Delivers against project specifications (3). Provides high-quality output (4). Is responsive to the clients needs (5). Has high quality-control standards (6). Is customer oriented in interactions with client (7). Keeps the client informed throughout a project 4. What two aspects of a research firms chosen research method and information collection service tramp decrease the firms ability to meet a deadline for completing a research project? What two aspects of a research firms internal management operations female genital organ decrease the firms capacity to meet key deadlines for a research project? 1) A discussion of questionnaires would not be complete without mentioning their impact on costs and profitability. Factors masking costs and profits include overestimating, overbidding, incidence rate, roadblocks to completed interviews, and premature interview terminations. (2) Generally research firms do not have design and analytical capabilities. This means that their clients whitethorn, on occasion, need to seek separate providers to meet their fully service needs. It also could decrease the firms capacity to meet key deadlines for a research project. not pretty sure yet) 5. A research firms flexibility is an important factor for clients to consider in decision making whether to hire that firm. wherefore is flexibility important and what information would you seek to postulate about a firms flexibility? Flexibility is important to see how a firm reacts in a crisis-management situation. Unexpected happenings occur often and flexibility shows how a firm leave react to these situations. Flexibility also refers to a firms control over internal operations, and how they handle military unit issues, such as personnel turnover. . Research management has eight important goals. Three of these are (a) sensitive communication, (b) staff study and retention, and (c) cost management. What are quadruplet other goals in successful research management? Briefly explain these four goals. (1). Organizing the supplier firm large suppliers have separate departments for sampling, questionnaire programming, field, coding, tabulation, statistics, and sales? fifty-fifty the client service staff may be separate from those who manage projects and write questionnaires and reports.Each of these departments has a head who is expert in the functions of that department and manages work assignments at bottom the department. So in receipt to problems like this, some companies are organizing by teams. (2). Data Quality Management this is the most important objective of the research management. selling research managers can help assure high-quality data by having policies and procedures in place to minimize source of error. Marketing investigators must not only effort to minimize error, but must also do a better job of explaining the term margin error.Also, managers must have in place procedures to procure the careful proofing of all text, chart, and graphs in written reports and other communications provided to the clients. (3). Time managementit is in truth important becasue clients often have a specified time schedule that they must meet. Two problems that can play havoc with time schedules are inaccuracies in estimates of the incidence rate and the interview length. The project manager must have early information regarding whether or not a project can be completed on time.Time management requires that systems be put in place to inform management as to whether or not the project is on schedule. (4). leaf node Profitability Management while marketing research departments may be able to focus on doing on-demand projects for internal clients, marketing research suppliers have to think about profitability. Customer Research Incorporated (CRI) divided its clients into four categories based on the clients perceived value to CRIs bottom line. CRI spent too much time and too many priceless employee resources on too many unprofitable customers. (5).OutsourcingOne way that research firms are cutting costs is outsourcing. The term outsourcing as employ in this text is having personnel in another country perform some, or all, of the functions tough in a marketing research project. When a research firm sets up a wholly-owned foreign subsidiary, it is called captive outsourcing. Simple outsourcing is where a domestic research company enters into a relationship with a foreign company that provides a word form of marketing research functions. For example, Cross-Tab Services of Mumbai, India, offers online survey programming, data abuting, data analysis, and other services.Other services that are beginning to be outsourced are data management and panel management. A number of issues need to be considered when one is outsourcing, as shown in Exhibit 15. 10. India is most likely the world leader in marketing research outsourcing firms. Over 110 marketing research outsourcing firms in India (noncaptive) employ over 9,000 people. The countrys revenues Research management has seven important goals beyond excellent communication building an effective judicature, assurance of data quality, adherence to time schedules, cost control, client profitability management, and staff managem ent and development. ) Building an effective institutionhaving an organization in which people work in their areas of highest strength (technical people doing tech stuff and charismatic people doing customer service activities) 2) Assurance of data qualityto ensure the integrity of the data produced 3) Adherence to time schedules (time management)keep the project on schedule with specific time schedules the client has specified 4) Client profitability managementprojects for clients are a anteriority but the bottom line is the most important make sure the clients youre serving are maximizing profitability and not stretching yourself too thin. . To retain key staff members, a research firm can help them develop their original skills and meet their goals. What are three specific things a research supply firm can do to help retain key marketing research staff members, beyond paying them well? a. Conduct regular performance reviews that give continuing feedback on a job well doneor of fer ways to improve. Many staff members think their bosses play favorites during performance reviews. So department heads try to use clear performance criteria for each set up and offer objective appraisals for everyone. . Offer public recognition for great work. Some groups mention great work during staff meetings post client comments on a wall of fame in the department have bosses send personal letters to staff members at home, praising their work hold pizza parties for teams that have performed preceding(prenominal) and beyond or simply have the head of the department stop by a staff members office to offer congratulations and thanks. c. Give differential pay raises that make out superior performance.While across theboard, uniform pay increases are often use (because they are the easiest to administer), they do not recognize the high performersand they chuck up the sponge the lower performers to believe they are doing adequate work. d. Vary the work. In order to keep everyon e interested, some research groups identify one-off projects and then allow staff members to volunteer for them. Examples of special projects could include a project that leave alone feed into the firms strategic externalizes, formation of a high-visibility cross-functional team, or a project that uses a new technique or addresses an un usually interesting topic. 8.What is stratified sampling? What are the three stairs involved in consumeing a stratified sample? A stratified sampling procedure divides a state by a specific strata (some demographic characteristic pertinent to the population of interest) then people are chosen randomly within each stratum, usually proportionate to the total number of people in each stratum. graded samples are probability samples that are distinguished by the following procedural steps (1). The original, or parent, population is divided into two or more reciprocally exclusive and exhaustive subsets (for example, male and female). (2).Simple random samples of elements from the two or more subsets are chosen independently of each other. Three steps are involved in implementing a properly stratified sample (1). Identify undischarged (important) demographic or classification factors. Factors that are correlated with the behavior of interest. For example, there may be reason to believe that men and women have different average consumption rates of a particular product. To use gender as a priming for meaningful stratifi cation, the researcher must be able to show with actual data that there are significant differences in the consumption levels of men and women.In this manner, various salient factors are identifi ed. Research indicates that, as a general rule, after the six most important factors have been identifi ed, the identification of additional salient factors adds little in the way of increased sampling efficiency. (2). Determine what proportions of the population fall into the various subgroups under each stratum (for ex ample, if gender has been determined to be a salient factor, determine what proportion of the population is male and what proportion is female).Using these proportions, the researcher can determine how many respondents are required from each subgroup. However, onward a final determination is made, a decision must be made as to whether to use proportional allocation or disproportional, or optimal, allocation. (3). distinguish separate simple random samples from each stratum. This parade is implemented somewhat differently than traditional simple random sampling. Assume that the stratified sampling plan requires that 240 women and 160 men be interviewed.The researcher will sample from the total population and keep track of the number of men and women interviewed. At some even in the process, when 240 women and 127 men have been interviewed, the researcher will interview only men until the target of 160 men is reached. In this manner, the process generates a sample in which the pro portion of men and women conforms to the allocation scheme derived in step 2. Stratified samples are not used as often as one might expect in marketing research. The reason is that the information needed to properly stratify the sample is usually not easy in advance.Stratification cannot be based on guesses or hunches but must be based on hard data regarding the characteristics of the population and the relationship between these characteristics and the behavior under investigation. Stratified samples are frequently used in political polling and media audience research. In those areas, the researcher is more likely to have the information necessary to implement the stratification process. 9. The American Marketing Associations Code of Professional Ethics cites data collection principles that all marketing research firms should follow.One is treat the respondent with respect and do not influence a respondents opinion or attitude on any issue through lead or indirect attempts, incl uding the framing of questions. What are six other data collection principles that are cited in the AMA Code? Explain each of these briefly. (2). will behavior themselves in a professional manner and ensure privacy and confidentiality. (3). will ensure that all formulas used during bidding and reporting during the data collection process conform with the MRA/Council of American Survey Research Organizations (CASRO) Incidence Guidelines. 4). will make factually correct statements to secure cooperation and will honor promises made during the interview to respondents, whether oral or written (5). will give respondents the opportunity to stand firm to participate in the research when there is a possibility they may be acknowledgeable even without the use of their name or address (e. g. , because of the size of the population being sampled). (6). will not use information to identify respondents without the permit of the respondent except to those who check the data or are involve d in processing the data.If such permission is given, the interviewer must record it, or a respondent must do so, during all net studies, at the time the permission is secured. (7). will adhere to and follow these principles when conducting online research Respondents rights to anonymity must be safeguarded. unrequested e-mail must not be sent to those requesting not to receive any further e-mail. Researchers interviewing minors must adhere to the Childrens Online Privacy testimonial Act (COPPA). Before collecting, using, or disclosing personal information from a child, the researcher must obtain verifiable parental consent from the childs parent. 8). for Internet research, will not use any data in any way contrary to the providers published privacy statement without permission from the respondent. (9). will respect the respondents right to withdraw or refuse to cooperate at any stage of the study and will not use any procedure or technique to coerce or imply that cooperation is obligatory. (10)will obtain and archive respondent consent when it is known that the personally recognizable information of the respondent may be passed by audio, video, or Interactive Voice result to a third party for legal or other purposes. 11). will obtain permission and document consent of a parent, legal guardian, or responsible guardian before interviewing children 13 years of age or younger. Prior to obtaining permission, the interviewer should divulge the subject matter, length of interview, and other special tasks that may be required of the respondent. (12). will ensure that all interviewers comply with any laws or regulations that may be applicable when contacting or communicating to any minor (18 years old or younger) regardless of the technology or methodology utilized. (13). ill not reveal any information that could be used to identify clients without their written authorization. (14). will ensure that companies, their employees, and subcontractors involved in the data collection process adhere to reasonable precautions so that multiple surveys are not conducted at the same time with a specific respondent without translucent permission from the sponsoring company or companies. (15). will consider all research materials provided by the client or generated as a result of materials provided by the client to be the piazza of the client.These materials will not be disseminated or disposed of without the verbal or written permission of the client. (16). will, as time and availability permit, give their client the opportunity to monitor studies in progress to ensure research quality. (17). will not represent a nonresearch activity to be opinion and marketing research, such as the compilation of lists, registers, or data banks of names and addresses for any nonresearch purposes (e. g. , canvassing or fund raising). industrial, commercial, or any other form of espionage. the acquisition of information for use by credit rating services or simi lar organizations. sales or promotional approaches to the respondent. the collection of debts. Companies engaged in data collection (1) pass on treat the respondent and the respondents opinions or beliefs with respect, and not influence a respondents opinion or belief on any issue through direct or indirect behavior, including the framing of questions or verbal or non-verbal reactions to what a respondent says. (2) pass on ensure privacy and confidentiality (3) Will ensure that respondents are given information needed for informed consent to participate, e. , purpose, tasks, type of questions, length, right to refuse/withdraw. (4) Will make unreserved statements to secure cooperation and will honor promises made before and during the interview to respondents, verbal or written (5) Will explain, promise and respect the respondents right to withdraw or refuse to answer at any stage of the study, and will not try to coerce or to imply that cooperation and completion is obligatory. (6) Will give respondents the opportunity to refuse to participate when there is a possibility they may be identifiable even without using name or address (e. . , a small population of respondents). (7) Will obtain permission and document consent of a parent, legal guardian, or responsible guardian before interviewing any person under 13 years old. (8) Will disclose the studys subject matter, length of interview, and special tasks required of before participation begins, to parents and guardians of children under 13. (9) Will not misrepresent as opinion research or marketing research any non-research activity. (10)Will not disclose to respondents any information that could identify a client without the clients permission. ) Ensure privacy and confidentiality. 2) Assure that respondents are given information needed for informed consent to participate, e. g. , purpose, tasks, types of questions, length, right to refuse/withdraw. 3) Make truthful statements to secure cooperation and ho nor promises made before and during the interview to respondents verbal or written. 4) Explain and promise respect of the respondents right to withdraw or refuse to answer any stage of the study and will not try to coerce or to imply that cooperation and completion is obligatory. ) Give respondents the opportunity to refuse to participate when there is a possibility they may be identifiable even without using their name or address. 6) Will obtain permission and document consent of a parent, legal guardian, or responsible guardian before interviewing any person under 13 years old. 10. Snowball sampling is one method for doing non-probability sampling. Explain how and why snowball sampling is done. How? In snowball samples, sampling procedures are used to select additional respondents on the basis of referrals from initial respondents.This procedure is used to sample from low-incidence or rare populationsthat is, populations that make up a very small percentage of the total population . The costs of finding members of these rare populations may be so great that the researcher is forced to use a technique such as snowball sampling. For example, suppose an redress company needed to obtain a national sample of individuals who have switched from the indemnity form of healthcare coverage to a health maintenance organization in the past(a) 6 months. It would be necessary to sample a very large number of consumers to identify 1,000 that fall into this population.It would be far more economical to obtain an initial sample of 200 people from the population of interest and have each of them provide the names of an average of four other people to complete the sample of 1,000. Why? The main advantage of snowball sampling is a outstanding reduction in search costs. However, this advantage comes at the expense of sample quality. The total sample is likely to be biased because the individuals whose names were obtained from those sampled in the initial phase are likely to be very similar to those initially sampled.As a result, the sample may not be a replete(p) cross section of the total population. thither is general compact that some limits should be placed on the number of respondents obtained through referrals, although there are no specific rules regarding what these limits should be. This approach may also be hampered by the fact that respondents may be reluctant to give referrals. Snowball Samplinginvolves the selection of additional respondents on the basis of referrals from the initial respondents. a. Main advantage the dramatic reduction in search costs. b.Disadvantagereduction in sample quality. Snowball sampling procedures ask respondents to recommend other individuals who share the characteristic of interest. If you are flavor for individuals who have been a victim of a particular crime, and you know there is a victim support network in the area, you might use this technique. There may be no other way to obtain the respondents names. The danger associated with this type of sample is, of course, the bias that may occur because of the method. The sample may not be a good cross section, also respondents may be reluctant to give referrals. 1. What are the first five steps in the questionnaire design process? Explain briefly what each step involves. 1. Determine survey objectives, resources, and constraints know objective and information want to get out of the survey 2. Determine the data collection method Way to gather info such as internet, phone ect 3. Determine the question resolution format open ended, yes/no, multiple choice (check al that apply to you, age/ethnicity questions), scaled-response questions 4. Decide on the question wording clear, avoids bias, willingness to answer 5. pee-pee questionnaire flow and layout screening questions to find people qualified for the survey, first question brings in interest, capitalize important things Step 1 Determine Survey Objectives, Resources, and Constraints The resear ch process often begins when a marketing manager, brand manager, or new product development specialist has a need for decision-making information that is not available. a. Survey objectivesshould be spelled out as clearly and precise as possible, as well as the available resources and figure and other constraints.Step 2 Determine the Data-Collection Method Given the variety of ways in which survey data can be gathered, such as via the Internet, telephone, mail, or self-administration, the research method will have an impact on questionnaire design. An in-person interview in a mall will have constraints (such as a time limitation) not encountered with an Internet questionnaire. A self-administered questionnaire must be explicit and is usually rather short because no interviewer will be present, respondents will not have the opportunity to clarify a question.A telephone interview may require a rich verbal description of a concept to make certain the respondent pull ins the idea bei ng discussed. In contrast, an Internet survey can show the respondent a picture or video or demonstrate a concept. Step 3 Determine the Question Response Format Once the data-collection method has been determined, a decision must be made regarding the types of questions to be used in the survey. Three major types of questions are used in marketing research open-ended, closed-ended, and scaled-response questions. Step 4 Decide on the the Question Wording 1). Make Sure the Wording Is Clear a. The questions must be stated so that it means the same thing to all respondents. b. Clarity is the goal. The questionnaire designer must use terminology native to the target respondent group and not use research jargon. It should custom-tailor the wording to the target respondent group. c. State the purpose of the survey. d. Avoid double-barreled questionstwo questions in one. (2). Avoid Biasing the Respondent a. track questions. b. Biased wording of the question. c. Sponsor identification early in the interviewing process. (3).Consider the Respondents Ability to dress the Questions a. A respondent may have neer acquired the information to answer the question. b. A respondent may have forgotten details. c. To avoid this problem, keep the referenced time periods short. (4). Consider the Respondents Willingness to Answer the Question. a. Embarrassing topic must be phrased in a careful manner to minimize measurement error. b. await the question in the third person. c. posit about most people. d. Using counterbiasing statements techniquestate that the behavior or attitude is not unusual prior to asking the question.Step 5 Establish Questionnaire Flow and Layout (1). Use Screening Questions to Identify Qualified Respondents (2). Begin with a Question That Gets the Respondents Interest (3). Ask General Questions First (4). Ask Questions That Require Work in the Middle (5). Insert Prompters at Strategic Points (6). Position Sensitive, Threatening, and Demographic Questions at the End (7). Allow Plenty of Space for open-ended Responses (8). Put Instructions in Capital Letters (9). Use a Proper Introduction and Closing 12. Step 6 in the questionnaire design process is Evaluate the questionnaire.What are three key issues in evaluating a draft of the questionnaire? (1) Is the Question Necessary? Perhaps the most important criterion for this phase of questionnaire development is the necessity for a given question. Sometimes researchers and brand managers want to ask questions because they were on the last survey we did like this or because it would be nice to know. extravagant numbers of demographic questions are very common. Asking for education data, numbers of children in multiple age categories, and extensive demographics on the spouse simply is not warranted by the nature of many studies.Each question must serve a purpose. Unless it is a screener, an interest generator, or a required transition, it must be now and explicitly related to the stated obj ectives of the particular survey. Any question that fails to satisfy at least one of these criteria should be omitted. (2) Is the Questionnaire Too Long? At this point, the researcher should role-play the survey, with volunteers acting as respondents. Although there is no magic number of interactions, the length of time it takes to complete the questionnaire should be averaged over a minimum of five trials.Any questionnaire to be administered in a mall or over the telephone should be a candidate for cutting if it averages longer than 20 minutes. Sometimes mall-intercept interviews can bunk slightly longer if an incentive is provided to the respondent. Most Internet surveys should take less than 15 minutes to complete. Common incentives are movie tickets, pen and pencil sets, and property or checks. The use of incentives often actually lowers survey costs because response rates increase and terminations during the interview decrease.If checks are given out instead of cash, the canc eled checks can be used to create a list of survey participants for follow-up purposes. A technique that can reduce the length of questionnaires is called a split-questionnaire design. It can be used when the questionnaire is long and the sample size is large. The questionnaire is split into one core fortune (such as demographics, usage patterns, and psychographics) and a number of subcomponents. Respondents complete the core component plus a randomly assigned subcomponent. (3) Will the Questions Provide the Information Needed to Accomplish the Research Objectives?The researcher must make certain that the questionnaire contains sufficient numbers and types of questions to meet the decision-making needs of management. A suggested procedure is to carefully review the written objectives for the research project and then write each question number next to the objective that the particular question will address. For example, question 1 applies to objective 3, question 2 to objective 2, and so forth. If a question cannot be laced to an objective, the researcher should determine whether the list of objectives is complete.If the list is complete, the question should be omitted. If the researcher finds an objective with no questions listed beside it, appropriate questions should be added. Tips for writing a good questionnaire are provided in the Practicing Marketing Research feature on page 263. (1). Is the Question Necessary? a. Each question must serve a purpose. b. Is it nowadays and explicitly related to the stated objectives of the particular survey? (2). Is the Questionnaire Too Long? a. Mall or telephone administered questionnaires should be limited to 20 minutes. b. Internet surveys should be less than 15 minutes. . Incentives can lower the cost of surveys because the response rates increase and terminations decrease. (3). Will the Questions Provide the Information Needed to Accomplish the Research Objectives? a. refreshen the written objectives for the re search projectwrite each question number next to the objective that the particular question will address. b. If the question cannot be tied to an objectivedetermine if the list of objectives is complete. If complete, eliminate the question. c. If an objective has no questions, then appropriate questions should be added. 13.Compare probability sampling to non-probability sampling. What is probability sampling? What is non-probability sampling? Why is non-probability sampling used more often than probability sampling in actual marketing research projects? fortune samples are selected in such a way that every element of the population has a known, nonzero likelihood of selection. Simple random sampling is the best known and most widely used probability sampling method. With probability sampling, the researcher must closely adhere to precise selection procedures that avoid arbitrary or biased selection of sample elements.When these procedures are followed strictly, the laws of probabil ity hold, allowing calculation of the extent to which a sample value can be expected to differ from a population value. This difference is referred to as sampling error. The debate continues regarding whether online panels produce probability samples. Nonprobability samples are those in which specific elements from the population have been selected in a nonrandom manner. Nonrandomness results when population elements are selected on the basis of conveniencebecause they are easy or inexpensive to reach.Purposeful nonrandomness occurs when a sampling plan systematically invite outs or over represents certain subsets of the population. For example, if a sample designed to solicit the opinions of all women over the age of 18 were based on a telephone survey conducted during the day on weekdays, it would systematically exclude on the job(p) women. See the Practicing Marketing Research feature above. On the other hand, probability samples have a number of disadvantages, the most importa nt of which is that they are usually more expensive than nonprobability samples of the same size.The rules for selection increase interviewing costs and professional time spent in designing and executing the sample design. Non-probability sampling VS Probability sampling Disadvantages of Probability Samples a) More expensive than nonprobability samples b) Take more time and money to design and execute. Advantages of Nonprobability Samples a) Cost less than probability samples. b) Can be conducted more quickly than probability samples. c) Are reasonably representative if executed in a reasonable manner. , 14. Step 8 in the questionnaire design process is Pretest and alteration. a) How do you do a pretest a first-draft of a questionnaire? (b) Under what conditions can this step be pretermitped? (a) A pretest is done by the interviewers who will be working on the job and is administered to target respondents for the study. The pretest should be conducted in the same mode as the final interview. In a pretest, researchers look for misinterpretations by respondents, poor skip patterns, additional alternatives for pre-coded and closed-ended questions and general respondent reaction to the interview. Interviewers want find out if respondents were confused at all during the interview. b) There are NO reasons to not pre-test No survey should be conducted without a pretest. 15. In a well-organized questionnaire, there is a logical flow of questions. The first questions are called Screeners. After Screeners are asked, what types of questions are asked in the next four sections of the questionnaire, in correct order? 16. In class and a handout, we discussed a method called Information Acceleration that companies can use to understand how people may react to a complex innovative product (e. g. , new self-driving car new medical diagnostic system) when it is marketed sometime in the future. i) Explain the goals of the Information Acceleration method (ii) Explain how to do the Information Acceleration method what are its key features? (i) The goals of the Information Acceleration method (1)Test how exposure to an general set of product-related messages influences consumer attitude toward the product, especially when test ads are mingled with non-marketing messages from other sources, eg, news articles, journals, competing ads, etc (2)Test how exposure to a companys overall set of marketing materials affect consumers beliefs and impressions.For example, does exposure to the assorted marketing messages for a product launch (TV ads, magazine ads mailed brochures point-of purchase information sales presentations packaging) confuse consumers or mislead them about some aspect of the product, eg, risks, limitations, the key usage benefits? (ii)How IA places consumers in a virtual learning and decision making environment, and stimulates (via computer) a set of information sources potentially available to a consumer, including advertising news articles showr oom or store visits and world-of-mouth opinions from other consumers and product experts.The method accelerates the flows of information consumers may encounter over a long time period in the future. Key features (1) Realistic simulation of a complex media and message environment that consumers may face in the future when deciding about a new innovation, (2) Vivid and concrete renditions of the messages and the message-exposure Stimulations (3) Uses computer-interactive technology to decrease participant fatigue. (4) Respondent have access to a full assortment of information.They can choose which to look at or ignore the order of their information search the time they spend on the sources of information they consult (5) But, the marketer controls the overall time available for the search, as incentive to consumers to set priorities as they search (6) Can do after-only with control group experiments that vary product features. Product-related marketing materials, types of messages fr om non-marketing sources 17. In addition to number of subgroups and traditional statistical methods, what are (1). Budget AvailableThe sample size for a project is often determined by the budget available. The budget brand manager have, after deducting of other project cost, the amount remaining determines the size of the sample that can be surveyed. If the dollars available will not produced an adequate sample size, then management must make a decisioneither additional funds must be found or the project should be canceled. Financial constrains challenge the researcher to develop research designs that will generate data of adequate quality for decision making purchases at low cost.This approaches forces the researcher to explore alternative data-collection approaches and to carefully consider the value of information in relations to its cost. (2). Rule of Thumb Potential clients may specify in the RFP about the sample size they want. Sometimes, this is number based on desired sampli ng error. In other cases, it is based on nothing more than past experience. The justification for the specific sample size may boil down to a gut feeling that a particular sample size is necessary or appropriate.If the researcher determine that the sample size requested is not adequate to support the objectives of the proposed research, then she or he has a professional business to present arguement for a larger sample size to the client and let the client make the final decision. (1). Budget Available a. Sample Sizefor a project often is determined by the budget available. Sample size, therefore, is often determined backward. b. Alternative Data Collection Approachesbudget available approach forces the research to explore and consider the value of information in relation to its cost. 2). Rules of Thumb a. Potential clients may specify they want a sample of a specific size. b. Sometimes based on some consideration of sampling error, sometimes based on past experience and sample siz es used for similar studies in the past. c. If that the sample size requested is not adequate, the researcher has a professional responsibility to present arguments for a larger sample size to the client and let the client make the final decision. 18. Why is it so important for a marketing research firm to maintain high confidentiality about all aspects of its clients projects?Why is it sometimes difficult for a marketing research firm to maintain high confidentiality? Because participants of research projects share valuable and sometimes sensitive information with the researcher, and they faith that the researcher will ensure that their identity is protected. It is imperative that no one but the researchers coordinating and conducting the interviews or focus groups knows the names of participants. No one other than the researchers should have access to the responses from individual participants.It is critical that no one but the necessary researchers have the ability to match the names of individuals to their responses. It is hard to maintain confidentiality because sometimes companies share information about customers with partners and affiliates. Also, some companies sell information they have gathered on customers to outside companies. 19. What steps should be taken to assure that the response data from each respondent in a survey are kept confidential? (1) Develop a code sheet, listing the participants names with a code next to each name, assigned by the researcher, which uniquely identifies each respondent.This code, not the respondents name, will be written on the form for talking interview notes or the questionnaire itself. (2) Keep the code sheet in a secure location so that people other than the researchers do not have access to it. (3) Keep participants responses in a secure location, separate from the code sheet, to protect the identity of individuals participating in study. (4)Researchers should be trained to explain these procedures for maintain ing confidentiality to all respondents before they start participation. 20.In deciding whether or not to hire a specific marketing research firm, why it is important to learn about the other new clients and projects that the firm has taken on recently? It is important to know if we are their prior client compared to other clients, so we could have the priority on technical team, key personals and other important resources to accomplish the project. Besides that, its important because if a client is a big account for the firm, will the firm be likely to ask difficult or complex questions and not be a yes-man? And if the client is small, will they still be valuable to the firm or will they be ignored? Also, if a firm has had a high client turnover rate, both recent gains and losses, this could be a red flag. If theyve lost a lot of clients it could signal poor work or management, but on the flip side if theyve gained a lot, it may mean the firm will pay less attention to each individu al client. Its important to look at past projects as well to determine if a firm can actually do the clients work.